Essay on Poverty Situation in Zambia - 2617 Words

From being one of the most prosperous countries in sub Sahara Africa, Zambia has experienced a sharp decline, a crush, of its economy, which has had a great adverse impact on the quality of 10 million people. The decline started with the rising oil prices of the mid 1970s, which coincided with the drop in world copper prices being the mainstay of Zambian economy. The droughts which were experienced in the early 1980s have persisted into the 1990s and their impact has contributed to the decline in agriculture production. Liberalization and structural adjustment programme (SAP) of the economy denied the faming community access to markets both for agriculture inputs and for sale of produce and this has in many areas reinforced the†¦show more content†¦It attacks a person not only materially but also morally. It eats away ones dignity and drives one to total despair (World Bank 2000) From a poor person perspective, poverty can be described as above. However, there is no single definition for poverty. It is generally agreed through that poverty is a phenomenon of many dimensions. Poverty is a negation of development; and since development is multi-dimension phenomenon poverty is a multi dimensional as well. Poverty differs from one place to another. In the Zambian context it can be defined as lack of access to income, employment opportunities, normal internal entitlement for the citizens to such things as freely determined consumption of goods and services, shelter and other basic needs of life. (Prsp, 1) Another views defines poverty in Zambian context as deprivation of a long health life, educational opportunities, access to resource for a decent standard of living (e.g. income and consumption, health, clean water and sanitation), and lack of freedom to exercise choice and participate in society. (MCDSS, 1988 a cited by ZAMSIF). From the above definitions of poverty, We see that Zambians today are facing hardship because of deprivation of basic essential needs of life. But surely does Zambian poverty situation deserve to be defined in this context? How did Zambia which was one of the most prosperous African nations at Independence end up with such a definition of poverty? The es sayShow MoreRelatedPoverty Of A Indebted Poor Countries ( Hipc ) A Project By The Imf And World Bank Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesKEY TO POVERTY REDUCTION The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) with its view that no poor country faces a debt burden that it cannot manage, came up with an initiative in 1996 called HIPC initiative. Since then, the International financial community and the multilateral organizations and governments have worked tirelessly together to reduce external debt to sustain levels for the many Highly Indebted Poor Countries. The World Bank and its partner IMF believes that poverty reductionRead MoreStealing Why Poverty? Directed By Christopher Guldbrandsen903 Words   |  4 PagesStealing Africa- Why Poverty? Madiha Hamani Alana Aleman Introduction to Global Business (INTB 3354) November 10, 2015 Stealing Africa- Why Poverty? Directed by Christopher Guldbrandsen, Jan 5, 2013 Introduction Stealing Africa- Why Poverty is one of the documentaries that show why African countries are poor despite them having numerous natural resources that can benefit their economy. The main idea of the producer is to show why copper has not brought development in Zambia. One of the reasonsRead MoreEssay on Movie Review of Tshirt Travels1297 Words   |  6 Pagesmacro level. We learn about issues facing the country as a whole such as rampant poverty, to an economy destroyed by slavery and further setback due to larger nations dictating economic policy for Zambia. To the smaller scale with individual families such as Luka’s trying to make ends meet in a hand to mouth industry and shows how hard it is for them to succeed. The whole film gives us a deeper understanding of how Zambia is being set back from a single family’s perspective and how that inability toRead MoreA Resilient And Stable Health Workforce Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiencing critical health worker s hortages in an effort to raise awareness and enable the countries to formulate strategies to reduce this gap (WHO 2006). This essay will investigate health worker migration in Zambia, analysing the underlying factors and shed light on the current migration situation. In reviewing the literature, strategies can be formulated for health system improvements. POLICY FRAMEWORK The health worker migration is a contentious topic worldwide, that has evoked passionate debateRead MoreLiberal and Radical Approaches in Zambia1744 Words   |  7 Pagesre-enforce the theoretical approach that plausibly explains the prevailing circumstances in Zambia. This essay will begin by defining briefly what the liberal and radical approaches are; also it will explain what is understood by the term social change. It is also necessary to point out that I have taken a stand on agreeing that the liberal approach takes a crediblestance in explaining the prevailing circumstances in Zambia. In this essay I will explain how this is and compare and contrast it with the radicalRead MoreChile s Economic Freedom4108 Words   |  17 Pages(Chilean Background, n.d.) Introduction ZAMBIA From the point of view of freedom of economy in Zambia, its score is 60.4 (2014 Index of Economic Freedom Chile, 2014). This makes Zambia a free economy at 88th position in the world index, which is slightly behind than Chile. Zambia did a fairly good job in improving itself from the point of view of economic freedom concepts especially in business, investment and management. Out of 46 countries Zambia is at the 9th position in Sub Saharan regionRead MoreThe Impact of Cholera in Zambia, Africa Essay examples1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Cholera in Zambia, Africa Many people in advanced industrialized nations are often unaware of infectious diseases that plague underdeveloped countries. This is primarily due to factors that are so often taken for granted like having proper sanitation, adequately treated water, properly prepared food, easy access to medical care, and economic viability. The sad truth is that many of these infectious diseases could easily be prevented if the countries where they run most rampant hadRead MoreCompare and Contrast Different Approaches to Social Change1494 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstance in Zambia a liberal approach which opposes economic restriction in the country who will be of help in the economy, currently according to the MDGs Report,(2011) Zambia stand to be one of the 10 fastest growing economy in the world, because of the strive by the government to remove restriction on the private sector. It is recommended that the economy will flourish if left in the hands of the private sector. The liberal approa ch, therefore, offers the explanation to the prevailing situation in theRead MoreDesigning a Portable Biogas Plant1580 Words   |  6 Pagestheir own limitations in capacity hence dependence on such will eventually lead to failure by the supplier to meet the growing demand †¢ Establish a platform for further improvement of biogas production in Zambia – biogas production in Zambia is one of the most unexploited sectors and yet Zambia experiences weather patterns favourable to biogas production (i.e.an almost same temperature of between 12-27 0C ). The main reason for such is the lack of a sufficient platform of research and design forRead MoreEconomic Liberalisation in Zambia2633 Words   |  11 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA NAME: PATRICK CHALWE CONTACT DETAILS: EMAIL: pchalwe@gmail.com Introduction   This essay seeks to critically analyze the statement that â€Å"Economic liberalism is a prerequisite for economic development in development economies.† This paper will begin by outlining the concept of economic liberalization and its effect on the development agenda for Zambia. An analysis of these experiences is then made in order to derive lessons regarding the linkage

I Am A Master Of Social Work Degree - 1537 Words

I regularly reminisce about my grandmother singing, row your boat gently down the stream, merrily, life is but a dream. This nursery rhyme is a significant part of one of my earliest memories and as an adult has developed a new meaning for me. My decision to apply for graduate school to pursue a Master of Social Work degree is one more destination in the stream of my life. Following the culmination of my undergraduate studies, I was recruited into the Children’s Corps and received training for graduates interested in working in the child welfare system. After my training, I immediately began employment as a case planner at JCCA. My main goal as a case planner is to help children find permanency through reunification with parents, adoption or legal guardianship. My experience at JCCA has allowed me to develop my interpersonal skills and increased my ability to work with a diverse group of people. I was likewise able to acquire skills around assessing individual needs and connec ting them with the resources to meet those needs. In the first few months of employment, I worked specifically with younger children then my caseload shifted to older teens. One youth, in particular, was 18 years old expressed that he was ready to sign himself out of foster care. My youth had experience with the criminal justice system, lacked permanent adult resource and was failing school. He expressed that he felt unwanted and that his life did not matter. He was also never offered or engaged inShow MoreRelatedThe Master Of Social Work Program With Walden University839 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal/Professional Goals I am interested in the Master of Social Work program with Walden University because I have always had an interest in the various aspects and components of the profession. I am interested the opportunities that a job in human services and helping profession will allow. A social work degree is accepted for a mass variety of careers and organizations. I have researched a multitude of programs that focus on Master of Social Work. After a lot of consideration Walden has myRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Social Work Practice And Educational Need1322 Words   |  6 PagesFourth, I am going to write about strengths and weaknesses in relation to social work practice and educational need. One of my strongest strengths as a social worker is patience. It helps me to persevere enthusiastically towards conquering goals and objectives when assisting my clients. Patience keeps alive the objective in mind to meet. Physical or psychological exhaustion only reaffirms the importance of patience. For that reason, it’s important to be patience with what we start out with the aimRead MorePersonal Statement On Social Work1740 Words   |  7 Pagesmany love helping people, empowering them at the same time is my ultimate goal. Throughout this essay, I hope to show how vital it is for me to obtain a Masters in Social Work. I will be doing this by presenting my experience and relationships that have influenced my selection of the social work career, my understanding of the responsibilities of the profession, my role and responsibilities that I assume in the profession, my reasons for selecting the program and thoughts, and thoughts on how the missionRead MoreBecoming A Master Level Social Worker752 Words   |  4 PagesSocial workers are each created in unique ways. Some are affected personally or by issues, people, and/or situations around them. I carry my own personal experiences from good to bad ones. Becoming a master level social worker provides me with a larger spec trum to where I could dedicate myself. Accomplishing a master degree in social worker puts me a step closer to obtaining a licensure, being a therapist, a supervisor, a program director, and many other things. As social workers we carry differentRead MorePersonal Goals : My Professional Goals1159 Words   |  5 Pagesmotivation for pursuing a degree: My professional goals were never clear until this last year when I started my job with Marion Construction Company as an office manager. I truly feel I have found a career path that I was meant to be in and I want to be the best at it and that is why I feel that getting my masters is so important. I would love to be an HR manager or HR educator in the future and by having my masters in HR that will open those paths for me! Personal goal wise I want to be able to supportRead MoreHow I Changed My Life And Career883 Words   |  4 Pages Malaysia, I was taught giving and helping from an early age. My mother often taught a crocheting class in our home to a group of impoverished Indian women. She was trying to empower them by giving them the tools and knowledge to create crafts that they could use to sell and support themselves and their families. Sitting on the floor of our modest home as a teenager, surrounded by these Indian women, I did not know this would help form my life and career. At the time, I thought I was just theRead MoreAdmission Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesto true colors I am a green. The twenty words that best describes me are analytical, calm, cool, investigative, strength, creative, strategic thinker, knowledgeable, visionary, enthusiastic, independent thinker, future focus, objective, tough minded, meaningless dialogue, emotional displays, subjective thinking, social function, challenging and flexible. The degree I am going to peruse is Health Services Administration. I plan to be in school for a total of eight years. I plan to be inRead MorePersonal Statement. My Aspirations Within The Field Are1315 Words   |  6 Pagesthe field are to advocate for social change and advance the quality of life of the underrepresented Latino community in the City of Philadelphia. I am certain that earning a Master in Social Work will equip me with the tools necessary to do this in a caring and supportive way. I am a firm believer of social change and that by helping our communities, change can be achieved. I am passionate about children, families and minorities. Being from a minority group myself, I am able to relate to those whoRead MoreMy Portfolio Of Your Psyd Program826 Words   |  4 PagesI am very pleased to once again tender to the Capella Graduate Admissions Committee my portfolio of interest in your PSYD Program in Clinical Psychology. As a Native-African Practitioner-In-Traini ng, I am cognizant of the growing challenges confronting the workforce of our American society which is becoming more culturally diverse. As a result, this diverse workforce has equally become an asset in serving the adequate needs of a multicultural population that also comprise our patient populationsRead MorePersonal Statement On Child And Family Studies1244 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the greatest pieces of advice that I have received is that if you do something that you love, you will never work a day in your life. It took me changing my major three times to find what I am truly passionate about. After I changed my major to child and family studies I enjoyed learning everyday and applying what I learned from class into the real world. The knowledge that I obtained through my classes assisted me through my experiences as a nanny, a student worker for the department of child

Skills Assessment Evaluation Form - 1886 Words

Skills Assessment Evaluation Form Use the form below to assemble your Skills Assessment summary. You will submit this completed form as evidence of your assessment. SPE 569 Student Name: Kelly Gilpatrick Client/participant information: †¢ Area of behavior focus – Manding and tacting, play skills such as cooperative play, symbolic play, and spontaneous and imitative play skills, eye contact, receptive identification and expressive identification of various stimuli, self-help skills such as dressing, brushing teeth, washing hands, and toileting. †¢ Age: 3 years old †¢ Assessment environment (home, clinic, classroom): Home environment Assessment #1 Assessment #2 Assessment Name Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP) Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills-Revised (ABLLS-R) Publisher AVB Press, 2008 Behavior Analysts, Inc., 2010, 3rd edition Original edition released in 1998 Information sources (URL) Printed Version http://www.avbpress.com/vbmapp-set.html APP for VB-MAPP https://www.vbmappapp.com/products_services/vbmapp_app Printed version https://www.partingtonbehavioranalysts.com/shop/ABLLS-R-The-Assessment-of-Basic-Language-and-Learning-Skills-Revised.html WebABLLS 2.0 (Electronic version available) https://www.partingtonbehavioranalysts.com/page/webablls-26.html Cost Printed Version: $ 69.95 APP: $19.99 for 1 student, $54.99 for 3 students, $179.99 for 10 students, $399.99 for 25 students Print version: $64.95Show MoreRelatedClinical Practices Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesCNE Clinical Practices For the needs of the patients, families, and the health care consumers, and health care practice current assessment practices should be maintained by using evidence –based practices. Health care professionals are expected to demonstrate competent practice within the society. Determining sufficient of clinical assessments and the evaluation of the nursing students has redesigned a large amount of nursing school curriculum to remain relevant. Assessing students educationalRead MoreAssessing and Evaluating Our Students1386 Words   |  6 Pages1. Assessment and Evaluation 1.1. Monitoring the learning progress Nunan Lamb (1996) refer to monitoring as an integral part of the learning system which is comprised of assessment of student performance and evaluation of the effectiveness of the course design. According to Dudley-Evans St. John (1998), â€Å"Evaluation is a process which begins with determining what information to gather and which ends with bringing about changes in current activities or future ones. It makes use of quantitativeRead MoreThe Parent Teacher Feedback Loop Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesand use data for the students’ benefit. Moreover, this paper will seek to assist teachers to use data for informed teaching. Data was collected during the course of learning through various assessments and progress monitoring to determine whether the student showed improvement in reading activity. Assessment Data Sources To guide the student to excel in their classroom work, a criteria and goal-setting exercise was carried out to enable the student meet expectations through instructions and the learningRead MoreEvaluation Of Masters Of Science Health Quality1080 Words   |  5 PagesIn June 2015, a clarificative evaluation of Masters of Science Health Quality (MSc HQ) was initiated to better understand the alignment of learning outcomes, assessment, and instruction at the program and course levels. In addition, the evaluation identified programmatic functions and qualities that were not specified in documentation but were identified through interview narrative. These functions and qualities are termed â€Å"emergent† in this evaluation report. In the first part of this report theRead MoreAutism Is A Developmental Disability That Presents At An Early Age1028 Words   |  5 Pagesa child’s educational performance. Child and adults can have deficiencies in communication, social skills, and using language. People with autism tend to engage in motor/vocal stereotypy. The spectrum for autism has a wide range from mild to severe. To determine where a child falls on the spectrum many assessments can be administered. If a child is believed to be on the spectrum, a CARS2 assessment may be issued. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Second Edition) helps distinguish children that haveRead MoreRecreation Evaluation1387 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals with disabilities. The process is based on a systems theory approach. The system is designed for a guide for a well-defined, goal-oriented purpose to the activity or program being provided. It involves four phases: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Use of the therapeutic recreation process is not dependent on location, but on systematic and consistent use of assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating services for people with disabilities. The process is applied inRead MoreAssessment And Evaluation Strategies For Nurses Educators Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment and Evaluation Strategies for Nurse Educators Introduction Kizlik (2014) describes assessment and evaluation as fundamental elements of the knowledge base of professional teachers. Kizlik (2014) also recommends that the implementation of both assessment and evaluation be a principal component of the curricula at colleges and universities. Therefore, understanding the differences between assessment and evaluation is vital in effective teaching for professional teachers and students. 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Read more: Assessment: case-studies http://www.learningandteaching.info/teaching/assessment_casestudies.htm#ixzz2Rr8F0faTUnder Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Excellent for assessment of application of principles to real-world situations. Can reach all the way up Blooms original taxonomy to synthesis

Women and Deception in Homers Odyssey Essay - 1986 Words

Women and Deception in the Odyssey As Agamemnon tells Odysseus, â€Å"Let it be a warning even to you. Indulge a woman never, and never tell her all you know. Some things a man may tell, some he should cover up† (Book XI 199). This is not news to Odysseus, who treats all women with caution ever since he was betrayed by his wife Helen, who acted in a way that defiled all womankind. Agamemnon did not come to this realization all by himself, however; his statement represents the common sentiment that existed throughout all ancient Greece. Even before Odysseus speaks with Agamemnon, he exhibits a similar attitude in his many encounters with women during his long journey home. Every major female character that Odysseus comes across†¦show more content†¦Both of these transgressions are against the natural order. â€Å"Although the Gods in Greek times were much more human than in other cultures, it was not tolerated for them to behave with mortals in this way, as explained by Kalypso’s arguments wit h Hermes about why the two should have to separate† (Lefkowitz 23). Odysseus for his part is not without a lie of his own; although in this particular case it may be that it is more a self-delusion than an outward lie. Odysseus cries every morning on the shores of the island, longing for home. But he also goes back to bed with Kalypso every night, showing an apathetic nature that constitutes a rare weakness on the part of the King. Very seldom is he shown in such an unflattering light. This self-delusion is a part of his need to deceive. A Goddess is not as susceptible to a lie as a mortal woman, and so Odysseus deceives himself to compensate. Most of his other confrontations are not as subtle. His encounter with Kirke, for instance, is a much cleaner deception, on the part of the adventurer and the Goddess. Kirke lures the men into her cave with promises of food and treasure, but then transforms them into animals. Odysseus’ men, famished from their days at sea, let down their guard and approach the cave. When they are trapped, Odysseus does not hesitate to come and rescue them. His answer to the Goddess is another deception, a similar tactic to that of all the various encounters that he has, both with womenShow MoreRelatedDeception Amongst Women in Greek Mythology Within the writings of Greek mythology women commonly600 Words   |  3 PagesDeception Amongst Women in Greek Mythology Within the writings of Greek mythology women commonly display certain attributes that the Greek society associated with women or femininity back in the day. A common quality demonstrated amongst the women in Greek society, and more specifically in Greek mythology, is deception. Throughout the Greek literature discussed in class, women have commonly showed their deception and trickery in different ways and for numerous different reasons. The Odyssey,Read MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. The two examine the worth of cunning over brute strength, the dangers of temptation and the role of women in their respective time periods. Despite having extremely similar central ideas, th e techniques employed by eachRead More Comparing the Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible Across all barriers, women have always brought pain, suffering, and aguish to the men as demonstrated in both Homers Odyssey and the Bible. With their beauty and grace, temptresses like the Sirens and Delilah lure men into their grasps, only to later steer them to their ruin. Other times, they use their cunning abilities and deception, as Circe and Jezebel did, in order to entice men into doing things that they normally would neverRead MoreThe Aeneid and The Odyssey1324 Words   |  6 PagesAre there similarities between Homers The Odyssey and Virgils The Aeneid? There are many similarities that could be examined indepth. The lovers encountered in both plays can lead to the idea of ancient plagarism. The games held by the greeks and trojans are similar to the Olympic Games. The downfall of characters, cities or monsters can be seen often in many stories. Maybe rewriting history is the effort of a plagarist to cheat true historical events. The lovers Aeneas and Odysseus encounterRead MoreThe Elements Of Foils In Homers Odyssey942 Words   |  4 PagesFoiling in The Odyssey Foils exist to create secondary characters actions and thoughts. These actions and thoughts are the ideals of the representation of that person. That person exists in contrasts with other people. Other people exist in comparison with that person. These ideals exist in all of literature with the introduction and the plays of old. The Odyssey along with olden works of literature conduct their secondary characters to interact with the primary. Homer utilizes the ideals of contrastsRead MoreEssay Homers Women: Empowerment from an Unlikely Feminist1959 Words   |  8 Pages Women have always been treated unfairly in society. Even in the modern era, women have just begun to receive their rights, many of which their male counterparts received long before. Women have their unique history and when looking back and learning of the histories behind people, including the background on women, the first place historians look are written works. Greek society is no different since much is known ab out it through Greek literature, such as the epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. HoweverRead MoreThe Similarities Of Foils In Homers Odyssey950 Words   |  4 PagesFoils in The Odyssey Foils exist to create secondary character’s actions and thoughts. These actions and thoughts are the ideals of the representation of that person. That person exists in contrasts with other people. Other people exist in comparison with that person. These ideals exist in all of literature with the introduction and the plays of old. The Odyssey along with olden works of literature, conduct their secondary characters to interact with the primary. Homer utilizes the ideals of contrastRead More Reflective essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagesincongruity can be found throughout classical as well as modern comedy. Lysistrata involves this idea of incongruity through the play. The idea of women taking the akropolis was quite incongruent with the position of women at that time. This, along with the use of the elderly chorus of men, provides several comical scenes in Lysistrata, such as the one where the women empty the pitchers over the men’s heads. Incongruity is used throughout mo dern comedies such as the Naked Gun movies with Leslie Neilson. SomeRead MoreEssay on Deceptive Females of Homers Odyssey1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe Deceptive Females of Homers Odyssey      Ã‚   Homers Odyssey is probably the most famous and well-known epic of all time. This tale relates the adventures of the archetypal hero, Odysseus. Odysseus long journey home takes him to many different places where he encounters many different monsters and creatures, but there are certain recurrent elements throughout. The most common themes in the Odyssey are forgetfulness, willingness to risk pain for pleasure, and sexual temptation.    Read MoreThe Value of Cunning over Strength Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesunthinkable idea it seemed like back then. Women found in this book also had to have cunning and strength of character to not be pushed around like a sex slave and become an object more than a human being. They displayed as much cunning as Odysseus throughout The Odyssey. They have to rely on the power of cunning over strength because they are weaker than the men as it has been for centuries. Homers majority of minor characters it seems like are women. He is using all these minor characters to

Positivism vs Interpretivism Free Essays

Positivism vs Interpretivism Positivism is an approach in sociology that believes society can be studied using similar scientific techniques to those used in the natural sciences. (Browne, 2006) This concept tends to produce quantitative data and Concerned with hypothesis testing. (Collis and Hussey, 2003) Interpretivism is an approach emphasizing that people have consciousness involving personal beliefs, values and interpretations and these influence the way they act. We will write a custom essay sample on Positivism vs Interpretivism or any similar topic only for you Order Now They do not simply respond to forces outside them. Browne, 2006) This concept tends to produce qualitative data and concerned with generating theories. (Collis and Hussey, 2003) Research topic Gaspar (2005) pointed out that employee in a competition environment is encouraged to work more efficiency in a company. However, Kurland. (1996) said that employees working in high competition environment will do some unethical behaviour for their achievements. Two of these research articles have different opinion, so there is a question which is high competitive whether help a company or it breaks a company down. Therefore, my research topic is â€Å"does running high competition system help a company to become successful in long term? † Application of research philosophies This topic through Positivism conducts qualitative data for exploring the relationship between competition and productivity. Researcher should use experiments methods to research this topic. For example, in a sales department, researchers can separate two different groups of the employee one of the group is getting stable salary and the other one is getting commission salary. Based on the data of two different group’s employee, to compare its working time, output and time required for specific work to see whether the competition system can increase the productivity in this company. Also, research can use surveys to collect some data such as the amount of unethical behaviour between normal working environment and high competitive working environment to see which environment happen more unethical behaviour in a company. This topic through Interpretivism conduct qualitative data for reflecting the research like find out reasons why the productivity increases in the company. Researchers create some questionnaires for employees to get some opinions. For example, researcher asks employees why work hard even if he is ill. At the end, the researcher will sum up all of the opinion from employees to show the phenomenon. Also, researchers can directly observe employees emotion and behaviour to analyse why they have this action. For example, in a sales department, researcher sees the employee may lie to the consumer for getting more commissions which the researcher will use the opinion by itself. In conclusion, Interpretivism is a better philosophy in this research topic, because it will consider the reason why the productivity increase or employees do unethical behaviour. This result of the research is more useful for this topic. In Positivism, it just uses some data to prove the productivity increase but it cannot provide reasons to explain the relationship between competition and productivity. How to cite Positivism vs Interpretivism, Papers

Analysis of Conceptual Framework Standards

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Conceptual Framework Standards. Answer: Introduction The primary purpose of developing general purpose financial statements is to disclose the information related to financial growth and development of a business corporation. The primary users of financial reports of a corporation includes investors, creditors and other stakeholders who need the information to make decisions about selling, buying or holding their equity or debt instruments. In addition to this, the primary users of financial statements also need to assess the financial information for gaining an analysis of the efficiency of management in carrying out their roles and responsibilities (Titilayo et al., 2014). The IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) has developed and established conceptual accounting framework that describes the principles and standards to be adopted by the accountants at the time of preparing financial statements (Persons, 2013). In this context, the present report evaluates the need and effectiveness of accounting framework for supporting t he decision-making process of end-users. This is done in the report by analyzing the compliance of annual reports of Medibank health insurance ltd and Virtus health ltd with the conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements. This will help in examining the effectiveness of conceptual framework in meeting the financial reporting requirements of business corporations. Also, the report examines the need of including Prudence in conceptual framework to overcome any type of disparity in corporate reporting. Examining Compliance of Medibank health insurance ltd and Virus health ltd with the conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements The major principles of conceptual framework of accounting are reliability, relevance, consistency and comparability that need to be followed by business entities during financial reporting. The reliability principle states that financial statements must provide true and realistic information to the external parties with no concealing of financial facts and figures. As per the relevance principle, the information disclosed must be complete and relevant to be used by external parties in decision-making (Burton and Jermakowicz, 2015). The consistency principle states that financial information disclosed on an annual basis by a business corporation must be consistent with that of previous year. At last, the comparability principle states that financial information disclosed must be comparable with the previous year results in order to demonstrate the net financial growth. The Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) holds the responsibility within Australia to ensure that all busine sses should comply with the IASB standards (Hoffman, 2016). The annual reports of Medibank health insurance ltd and Virtus health ltd are analyzed to examine their compliance with the above mentioned principles of conceptual accounting framework. Medibank health insurance is a leading private health insurer of Australia actively involved in providing varying range of health insurance options for individual, couple and family. The annual report analyses demonstrates that the company have prepared and published its remuneration report, directors report, corporate governance statement, auditors report as per the AASB standards. The remuneration report of Medibank health insurance is developed in accordance with the AASB standards as analyzed from its annual report. The remuneration report is as per the relevance principle of conceptual framework as it provides complete information related to compensation of board members. Also, the remuneration policies adopted by the company for controlling and reviewing the remuneration of board members are also discussed in the report. The role of remuneration committee in deciding the compensation including incentives of executives and non-executive directors is clearly mentioned in the repo rt (Medibank: Annual Report, 2016). The remuneration report also illustrates that the reward and incentive system of employees is directly linked with their performance. Thus, the company has shared all the information related to compensation and reward in an honest and transparent manner in order to comply with AASB standard of honesty and integrity (Knight, 2004). The corporate governance statement of the company has also disclosed all the necessary information related to corporate rules and policies adopted for managing the workplace diversity. The auditors report discloses the standards adopted by the company to maintain integrity and quality of the financial reporting (Kieso et al., 2010). The company has established an independent audit and risk management committee for irks management, compliance and internal control. Thus, it can be said that Medibank effectively complies with reliability and relevance principle of conceptual framework by disclosing all the relevant and reliable information to the stakeholders (Medibank: Annual Report, 2016). The company also complies with the consistency and comparability principle of conceptual framework as it discloses all the financial information that is in consistent and comparable with that of previous years. The financial information is disclosed through preparation of cash flows, statement of changes in equity, income statement and balance sheet. The accounting policies and procedures adopted for the preparation of the financial statements are also disclosed properly in the annual report of the company. The directors report also declares that financial statements comply with the Corporations Act 2001 as per the AASB standards. The annual report of the company meets the different needs of stakeholders through demonstrating a link between governance and shareholder value creation. The directors report states that companys leaders satisfy their statutory duties well by promoting its long-term development. The company also develops and publishes its consolidated financial statements as per the Corporations Act 2001. The development of consolidated financial statements is required to integrate the financial reports of all subsidiaries in a single economic entity (Medibank: Annual Report, 2016). On the other hand, Virtus Health ltd is an Australian company involved in providing hospital and pathology services. The company is recognized to be largest in vitro fertilization provider in Australia. The annual report of the company publishes and discloses effectively all the information related to the compensation of executive directors and non-executive directors. The remuneration committee holds the responsibility of deciding over the matters related to compensation of board members. However, the company has not disclosed its corporate governance statement in the annual report. The disclosure of corporate governance policies followed within the workplace is required by a business entity in order to comply with the AASB standards of ethics and integrity (Persons, 2013). The auditors report of the company also has not published complete information about the procedures adopted for risk management. The company has not disclosed concise information about the control systems impleme nted for monitoring and controlling its internal business procedures (Virtus Health: Annual Report, 2016). The company though has published all its financial information as per the AASB standards through developing its statement of cash flows, statement of financial position, income statement and balance sheet. It has also published its consolidated financial statements as per the Corporations Act 2001 mandated by the AASB standards. Thus, it can be said that there is some difference in the financial disclosure of both the corporations. The companies are operating within Australia and thus need to comply with AASB standards effectively. However, as analyzed from the annual report of both companies, only Medibank health insurance ltd effectively complies with all the AASB standards and principle of conceptual framework (Medibank: Annual Report, 2016). Vitrus health ltd does not comply with all principle of conceptual framework such as relevance and reliability. The company has not disclosed all information related to the accounting policies and procedures adopted for the preparation of fin ancial statements. Also, the pattern of disclosing financial information is different in both the companies due to their varying nature of business operations (Virtus Health: Annual Report, 2016). Thus, it can be stated from analysis of annual report of both the companies that they develop their financial reports in accordance with the conceptual framework and AASB standards. The adoption of conceptual framework of accounting has enabled them to meet the needs of end-users of financial reports through providing complete and concise financial information. However, Virtus health ltd has not effectively complied with all the accounting standards and principles of conceptual framework and AASB (Virtus Health: Annual Report, 2016). The complete disclosure regarding the remuneration, risk management, internal control, operating income and expenses is provided in the annual reports through the adoption of conceptual accounting framework. Thus, it can be stated that conceptual framework principles effectively meets the needs of end-users of financial reports (Whittington, 2008). Inclusion of Prudence to address Disparity in Corporate Reporting The accounting transactions are related with uncertainties and require to be reported in time. The uncertainties in financial transactions need to be reported by making proper estimates during financial reporting. The accountants need to be very cautious and prudent at the time of taking financial decisions (Mbira and Tapera, 2016). In this context, prudence is a major accounting principle according to which assets and income should not be overstated and liabilities should not be understated during financial reporting. The concept states that expenses and liabilities should be recognized immediately after their occurrence but revenues should be reported only when they are actually realized. This concept was included in the conceptual accounting framework in order to meet the varying needs of different stakeholders of a business corporation. The main objective behind the development of conceptual accounting framework is to protect the stakeholders interest by promoting transparency an d integrity in financial reporting. The implementation of prudence principle ensures that businesses do not report overstated revenues or understated expenses during financial reporting (Malley, 2014). The concept is in accordance with the conservatism principle of accounting according to which expenses and liabilities should be reported immediately when there is uncertainty about the outcome. However, revenues and assets should be recognized only when they are assured of being received. The concept was removed from the conceptual accounting framework on the basis as it opposes accrual basis of accounting. Accrual basis of accounting states that businesses should prepare themselves in advance for the occurrence of any uncertain condition through creation of hidden reserves. Thus, the concept of prudence was removed from the conceptual accounting framework as it received criticism from some financial experts as it was found to be against accrual basis of accounting. However, the increasing evidence of corporate scandal worldwide due to manipulation of accounting information has caused its inclusion again in the conceptual framework (Araujo and Gomes, 2015). The inclusion of prudence concept will ensure that there is no biasness in the financial statements and the information presented is fair and transparent. This will help in overcoming the increasing evidences of corporate scandal that are occurring due to misrepresentation of financial statements. The IASB has again adopted the principle of prudence in the accounting framework so that potential investors and creditors get fair representation of a business financial position. This is necessary so that there is no manipulation of accounts and stakeholders get a clear demonstration of the financial position of a business entity (Ataman et al., 2014). The occurrence of corporate scandals such as Enron, World.com etc has lead to the downfall of investors and creditors as they suffered huge losses by financial misrepresentation. This caused IASB to adopt strict accounting standards that need to be followed by businesses during financial reporting. This has caused the need of including prud ence in conceptual framework again for overcoming disparity in corporate reporting (Prudence and IFRS, 2014). Recommendations On the basis of analysis of annual reports of Medibank health insurance and Virtus health ltd, it can be said that conceptual framework principles adequately meeting the needs of stakeholders. The companies are complying with conceptual framework principles and AASB standards and thus have achieved a good brand image in the country. The main advantages of adopting conceptual framework of accounting principles by businesses are increasing the users confidence and gaining a realistic image of the financial performance of the business organization (Macve, 2015). However, IASB still need to develop more strict guidelines for business corporations for meeting the needs of end-users of financial reports. This is because adoption of conceptual framework principle is very difficult for all organization as it is very expensive and time consuming (Unegbu, 2014). This can be demonstrated from the fact that Virtus health ltd has also not effectively complied with all the principles of conceptual framework (Virtus Health: Annual Report, 2016). Also, it will restrict the business to develop new idea of financial reporting as they will be mandated to report their financial performance using same standard accounting practices. Thus, IASB still need to consider all the above mentioned points for improving the financial reporting system of businesses worldwide (Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010, 2017). Conclusion It can be summarized from the overall discussion that the adoption of conceptual accounting framework principles by businesses promotes transparency and honesty in financial reporting. However, there is still need of improvement in accounting standards so that all businesses are able to implement sound financial reporting system that is able to meet the varying needs of stakeholders. References Araujo, V. and Gomes, A. 2015. 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