Relgion VS Superstition Essay

Religion is defined as a belief in a divine or superhuman power or higher being to be worshiped as the creator of the universe. Many of the characters have strong religious beliefs, but will not practice any form of superstitious behavior. Both the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson share a common belief in God but view Him in different ways. â€Å"Sometimes the widow would take me one side and talk about Providence in a way to make the body’s mouth water; but maybe next day Miss Watson would take hold and knock it all down again.†(p.13) This proves that Miss Watson and the Widow Douglas have differing views of heaven or â€Å"Providence.† While Huck is in the care of the Widow Douglas he also learns about God but is unsure of how to view Him. Huck’s struggles attempting to understand religion are spread throughout the entire story. The definition of superstition is any belief or attitude that is inconsistent with what we know of science such as charms, omens, and the supernatural. When the characters are expressing or acting out on their superstitious beliefs, they rarely have religious connotations. There are also many examples of superstition in this novel. One such example is when Huck flicks a spider into a candle flame and it dies. â€Å"†¦I flipped it off and it lit in the candle; and before I could budge, it was all shriveled up. I didn’t need anyone to tell me that was an awful bad sign.† (p.5) After Huck realizes what’s happened to the spider, he performs a ritual meant to keep away witches. This is but one of many examples in the book of Huck’s superstitious nature. Jim is also very superstitious, with such obvious examples as his â€Å"magic hair-ball.† This hair-ball was taken out of an ox’s stomach, and Jim claimed it could tell fortunes, and people actually believed it. When Huck asked if it knew anything about his Pap, Jim said that it wouldn’t talk without some kind of payment, so Huck pays with a fake quarter, and Jim gives him a vague explanation of what is going to happen. And Huck believes him. A third example is the snake skin fiasco. Both Huck and Jim believe the snake skin, when touched, would bring bad luck, and sure enough it does. â€Å"I awluz ‘spected dat rattlesnake-skin warn’t done wid it’s work.†(p.90) This turns out to be true when Huck and Jim’s raft is damaged by a passingboat, and Huck and Jim are separated. Superstition and religion are not completely opposites however. There are subtle similarities expressed by different characters. For example, â€Å"there was a cross in the left boot-heel made with big nails, to keep off the devil.† Pap, being superstitious, does what he can to keep away bad omens. Pap is as far away from being religious as a person can get and yet he believes in the devil. Most people know that the devil is associated with religion. This is one similarity between religion and superstition. Another similarity is how religiously Huck follows his superstitions. â€Å"†¦turn over the saltcellar at breakfast. I reached over for some of it as quick as I could to throw over my left shoulder to keep off the bad luck†¦feeling all worried and shaky, and wondering where it was going to fall on me, and what it was going to be.† (p.16) When Miss Watson saw what Huck was doing she told him he was making a mess and to stop. The widow put a good word in for him yet he still felt bad because he could not finish his ritual. Just like a religious person feels bad when they can not finish their prayers or worships. Religion and superstition mean completely different things, however they can be practiced in the same way. The similarities between the two ideas are closely related and yet totally different.

How far were ideological factors responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture Essay

How far were ideological factors responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans? I believe that ideological factor were responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans as Stalin was disgruntled by the peasants work ethic and continuingly wanted to become more communist and ideological issues were the main contributors that, if changed would make a vast difference to Russia. However, other factors also could have been responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans such as political and economical aspects. I feel that the main contributor in determining Stalin’s decision was the economic factors that Stalin was determined to industrialise Russia and under the NEP this was not possible. Ideological factors were responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans as the introduction of these new things meant that Russia could become more communist which was what Stalin ultimately wanted. Before collectivisation was introduced, Stalin felt that peasant attitude lacked revolutionary spirit, rather than producing grain for the good of the community the peasants produced it for themselves and their own profit. This was viewed as capitalism and was against what Marx, Lenin, Stalin and Russia tried to achieve and the NEP was helping the peasants develop capitalism. This is true in that of the introduction of collectivisation and the Five Year Plans and Stalin constantly wanted to become a ‘more communist’ state. Through collectivisation Stalin promised significant increase in production which would allow the government to sell more overseas, providing more resources for industrialisation and a higher standard of living for urban workers. Collectivisation had a devastating effect on the Russian peasantry, which resulted in Stalin’s ‘change of tactic’ in the Five Year Plans. Under the NEP the peasants had prospered while conditions for the workers were slow to improve. Stalin wanted to reverse this. He intended to replace the ‘bourgeois specialists’ with the ‘red specialists’ who were educated by the Communist government and who came from the ranks of the working class. However, political factors could also be seen as responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans. Stalin’s desire to initiate collectivisation was motivated  by his struggle against Bukharin and the Party’s rightwing. The radical nature of collectivisation appealed to the Party’s left wing. Moreover, it was far more appealing to many in the Communist Party than the right-wing alternative of importing grain. Grain imports would mean reducing the pace of industrialisation because the money used to buy grain could not be spent on developing Russia’s industry an d Stalin was incredibly eager to introduce industrialisation, it was one of his main aims for Russia. Under the NEP, importing grain many have been inevitable as without collectivisation Russia would have had to get grain from abroad or they would have starved. This would have resulted in the slowing down of industrialisation which Stalin would not have been pleased about. Additionally, Stalin’s own understanding of agriculture (which was very little) also had some bearing on his decision. He had a different view and understanding of agriculture to that of Lenin so the changing of the NEP to collectivisation seemed a logical step for Stalin. Political factors were also responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the Five Year Plans. For many, these plans were seen as Stalin’s consolidation of power. His message was very clear- Lenin’s Russia, the Russia of the NEP was over, and ‘Stalin’s Russia’ was just beginning. By this he removed the NEP which Lenin had brought in, so that to show Russia it was no longer going to go by the words of Lenin, but of Stalin. Finally, economic factors also could have been seen to be responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans. The autumn of 1926 saw record grain harvests for the USSR. However, the harvests of 1927, 1928 and 1929 were poorer. The decrease in production forced the price of agricultural products up. Consequently, the standard of living amongst urban workers declined. The NEP caused this decline in production and economically it was terrible for the country as without grain being produced the economy suffered huge losses and many Russian families were homeless. Collectivisation held out the prospect of many economic benefits, those being that large farms would increase efficiency, with improved efficiency it would mean that fewer people were needed to work on the farms, therefore releasing extra manpower for Russia’s developing industry and collectivisation promised a significant increase in production. Industrialisation was a main aim for Stalin and in his eyes through  collectivisation Russia would become more industrial; however under the NEP this was not possible. Similarly, the First Five Year Plan was introduced in response to the NEP’s failure to industrialise Russia. Even the NEP’s supporters acknowledged that that policy could only industrialise Ru ssia ‘at a snail’s pace’. The Five Year Plans aimed to speed up this process. It was evident that the NEP was not producing results quick enough and a new approach was needed. In conclusion, I believe that economic reasons were the important factor responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the NEP with the collectivisation of agriculture and the Five Year Plans as the economy under the NEP was in tatters and if Stalin had not tried to change the approach quickly the Russia economy would have been completely destroyed. Stalin wanted to increase the pace in which things were improving; under the NEP results were often slow and unpredictable. Although I feel that political and ideological were important in Stalin’s decision I don’t feel that they contributed to the extent that economical factors did. However, many points are linked, one in which that Stalin wanted Russia to become more communist and under the NEP that was not possible. This comes under all three factors and was an importa nt factor in Stalin’s decision. By Lara Williamson 12 MBE

Business Law for Educational Administration

As observed in the given scenario, Jim and Steve were regarded to be the directors and shareholders of XYZ Pty Ltd. They have their own shares in this corporate trustee. Jim had engaged $3000 in a consulting firm named ABC Pty Ltd since it will help the business to grow. The issue that arose was that the moment Jim engaged himself into the business XYZ Pyt Ltd became insolvent. The individual who will be liable to ABC Pty Ltd for the $3000 consultancy fees is all the shareholders and directors of the pany. However, there was no contract formed between Jim and Leon from the ABC Pty Ltd. Jim realized that if he invests that amount in this consultancy firm then, his trustee firm would be able to stand or make a position in the market. Therefore, Jim without consulting the members of the pany invested the amount. It can be stated that Jim along with other shareholders and directors will be liable to ABC Pyt Ltd. According to the pany Law, the directors and shareholders of the pany will be liable if one of the directors is at fault. A pany is an artificial person and therefore it cannot be sued or be liable for the activities of the pany[1]. A shareholder of a pany is said to be limited by shares that has limited liability. However, the shareholders are said to be limited to the nominal value of its shares. The pany has a separate legal personality as pared to t he shareholders and a separate liability to the individuals associated with the pany. It can be analyzed that if a pany b es insolvent based on the director’s fault then, that particular director and other existing shareholders will be liable for it. A shareholder is said to be not that interested in the pany but since Jim was one of the directors of the pany he will be liable for such an occurrence[2]. Such a situation has been observed in the case of . Shlensky v Wrigley. However, the beneficiaries of the fixed family trust were their two adult children Mathew and Jenna. Anyhow, the XYZ Pyt Ltd was struggling to find a foothold in the market that Jim engaged $3000 to the consultancy firm of ABC Pyt Ltd. Jim was confident about his investment in the ABC Pyt Ltd. As per the panies Act, the directors of a pany are exposed to the liabilities as a consequence of a breach of their duties. Liabilities generally arise under various statutes but in this scenario, it arose under the pany Law. Lastly, it can be concluded stating that Jim and Steve will be held liable to ABC Pyt Ltd for the consultancy fees of $3000. In this given case, Cheryl and Beryl were business partners and had started a business called CB Investments. Both of them made a partnership deed with the help of a lawyer. Both of them buys a mercial plot of land from Arnold. Beryl also bought a residential block from Arnold that Cheryl was unaware about[3]. The mercial land bought by them was later sold and they earned a huge amount of profits. After twelve months or after a year, Cheryl found out that Beryl had purchased the residential block to make a lucrative investment. Cheryl and Beryl were partners and started a business of investment together. Therefore, they can exercise the rights of partners on each other and as well as on their purchases. In Australia, as per the Limitations and Partnership Act, a partner cannot sue the other partner based on an incident that happened a year ago[4]. The limitation of the time-period for suing the partner is less than twelve months. Being partners, they have equal rights and must have equal knowledge of the activities taking place in the business. If Cheryl had knowledge about this incident before the period of twelve months, she could have sued Beryl for keeping secrets from the other partner[5]. The profit earned on the residential property of $300,000 was also not informed to Cheryl. It was the duty of Beryl to inform Cheryl about the extra profit earned on the residential block. However, as per the Law, the partners will be entitled to receive the same amount of profits and should know about what the other partner is upto. Instead of suing Beryl, Cheryl can ask for her share from the $300.000 that was earned from the residential block[6]. Beryl will be liable for keeping secrets from Cheryl. According to law, an incorporated limited partnership where a limited partner is involved   will be liable only for a liability that has been acquired by the partnership. However, in certain circumstances, the limited partner will be held liable if the manner of the acts occur within the same State. A voluntary partnership can wind up if the agreement formed does not exist. As seen in the case of Griffiths CJ in Land v James Morrison & Co Ltd, one of the partners failed to sue the other partner because the duration was not less than twelve months. The CB Investments was a business set up by both Cheryl and Beryl in Queensland. The partnership deed should be a well documented one so that Cheryl can claim for her shares but since the limited period was twelve months and she found out about it a y ear later it will not make any difference[7]. However, Cheryl will be advised to sue Beryl for keeping secrets from her during the course of their partnership but will fail to do so because of the limited period. Lastly, it can be concluded stating that according to law, a partner can sue the other partner during their course of partnership based on the limitation period time. It can be observed it is important to discuss and disclose the activities of the partners during the course of partnership. Suing each other depends on the period of limitation[8]. Chen, Vivien, Ian Ramsay, and Michelle Welsh. "Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure." (2016). De Silva Lokuwaduge, Chitra, and Anona Armstrong. ‘The impact of governance on the performance of the higher education sector in Australia.’  Educational Management Administration & Leadership  43.5 (2015): 811-827. Du Plessis, Jean Jacques, and Andreas Rà ¼hmkorf. ‘New trends regarding sustainability and integrated reporting for panies: what protection do directors have?.’ (2015). Lyons, Malcolm, and Amanda Stark. "Enhanced scope for extension of patent term for pharmaceuticals under Australian law."  Pharmaceutical patent analyst  4.5 (2015): 351-355. Mà ©ndez, Carlos Fernà ¡ndez, Shams Pathan, and Rubà ©n Arrondo Garcà ­a. ‘Monitoring capabilities of busy and overlap directors: Evidence from Australia.’  Pacific-Basin Finance Journal  35 (2015): 444-469. Murray, Philomena. "EU–Australia relations: a strategic partnership in all but name?."  Cambridge Review of International Affairs  29.1 (2016): 171-191. Voon, Tania SL, and Andrew D. Mitchell. "The Trans-Pacific Partnership as a Development of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: Services Liberalization and Investment Protection." (2016). Warner, Michael, and Rory Sullivan. "Introduction."  Putting Partnerships to Work. Routledge, 2017. 12-23.

Management Training and Development Coaching Essay

Management Training and Development Coaching - Essay Example In the same vein, they were supposed to be the image of one serene and calm on the outside, "despite paddling like hell underneath."2 This paper looks into coaching, particularly executive coaching as a management training and development tool, considers its strengths and weaknesses, and presents the organisational context in which it is most appropriate and effective. Real examples of best practice are also provided through four cases. Coaching initially referred to remedial situations where one gets to be coached because of under-performance or unsatisfactory behaviour. Now, coaching usually refers to developing people within an organisation to be able to become effective workers.3 It uses a variety of tools and techniques from a wide range of theoretical backgrounds including organisational theory, occupational psychology and psychometrics, learning and counselling. Depending on the needs of the client, these tools are used in different situations and with different clients. Common tools, models and techniques used in coaching include Kolb's learning cycle, the GROW model, 360 degree feedback, psychometric instruments, goal setting and emotional intelligence models.4 Executive coaching is onl... Executive coaching is a process through which executives are helped to improve their performance and personal effectiveness while reducing stress. It facilitates the identification of inner resources, reveals the need to learn new behaviors to enhance performance, and challenges underlying beliefs and values.7 A leader who develops a coaching mindset and skills is believed capable of unlocking the potential of his or her people, and therefore of creating the next generation of inspirational leaders.8 Participation then in an executive coaching program would offer the rare opportunity for an executive to stand back and to take a fresh look at his experiences and assumptions of a lifetime.9 Carol.Braddick10 would call coaching one of the many practices that can reasonably be linked to high performing companies in terms of raising standards. In fact, executive coaching draws out individual potential by raising self-awareness and understanding, and facilitates learning and performance development that create excellent leaders.11 Executive coaching is now a widespread development tool being used by organisations across the United Kingdom and the United States.12 To John Mason, 13 executive coaching as a professional intervention will save very significant amounts of money because one may not have to remove an under-performing executive, or recruit, and then train a replacement. Its popularity nowadays is based on its strength as a management development tool. First, it gives direct one-to-one assistance and attention that fits into timeframes and schedules of those participating in coaching where they get to see quick results.

Main Functional Metrics Employed to Measure ShareHolder Value Essay

Main Functional Metrics Employed to Measure ShareHolder Value - Essay Example Many firms calculate the profitability in their own method of calculation where as investors take a different method to do the same, and it makes a hard time for the management of the firm to coordinate the results. An investor always focuses on the economic profits of the firm as well as looks at the extent of debt and equity that is invested in the business. Some of the important financial metrics employed to measure shareholder value are given below; 1. Shareholder Value Analysis (SVA) The shareholder value analysis (SVA) approach was developed by Alfred Rapport during 1980s and is used to estimate the value of the shareholders’ stake within a company or business unit which can also be adopted as the fundamental measure to formulate and evaluate strategic decisions (CIMA, 2004. p.10). The estimation of the value of a firm’s operations is usually carried out through the process of discounting anticipated future operating â€Å"free cash flows† at a suitable cos t of capital. Here, the free cash flow shows the cash flow derived from a business for a specified period, i.e. the cash flow before extracting any financial-related cash flows associated with share or debt. For the purpose of calculating the shareholder value, the value of â€Å"marketable securities and other investments† must be added to, and the value of debt must be subtracted from the business valuation (CIMA, 2004. p.10). The advantage of shareholder value analysis is that it can be used to value a business, and also to value alternative strategic decisions, by contrasting the pre- and post-strategy positions of the firm. Moreover, it is a simple most common method of calculation by considering the seven key value drivers, which can be broken down into comprehensive practical measures in order to encourage the managers to act on the ultimate objective of generating shareholder wealth. 2. Economic Profit (EV) Economic Profit (EP) is another method for evaluating the sha reholder value which is also known as â€Å"residual income† as a method of measuring divisional performance. It determines how well a firm is performing. The EP evaluates the surplus return gained by the business in a specific period after deducting all expenses, including the cost of using investor’s capital in the business (Encyclopedia of Business, 2011). The measure of net profit cannot be used for analysis even though the interest charged on debt capital is deducted, as its cost related with using equity funds is omitted. So many opt for the EP, arguing that net profit would be mislead and would erroneously exhibit a firm to be profitable based on net profit, where as the actual economic profit would describe it as economically unprofitable. We can state that economic profit is the variance between the return on capital and the cost of capital which can be computed using the following two methods: EP = Invested capital x (return on capital – WACC) EP = Ope rating profits after tax less capital charge 3. Economic Value Added (EVA) According to Bennet and Stewart (p.40, 2007), Economic Value Added is the financial performance evaluation method which is able to accurately capture the true economic profit of an organisation, and is the performance measure most directly associated with the creation of shareholder wealth over time. EVA is an evaluation of finding out

Feature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Feature - Essay Example Regenerative braking is the technology where the friction energy from braking physical systems such as elevators going down are captured and converted to usable energy, in this case electricity that can then be used to power the elevator system and to supply the electricity needs of the immediate floors and areas within the building. This regenerative braking feature of the elevators is attributed to the technology work of Kone, the provider of the elevator system to the Bullitt Center. The placement of the elevators and the provision of stairs add to the energy efficiency of those elevators because such limit the use of the elevators themselves. Moreover, by design, the elevators are 60 percent more power efficient than regular elevators used in other buildings. All these add to maximum energy efficiency and electricity savings for the Bullitt Center, while at the same time making sure that those who do need the elevator system, such as the disabled, are able to access the elevator systems conveniently. This feature adds further to the overall energy efficiency of the building and the regenerative braking adds to the electricity sources of the building, apart from the solar panels installed on the roof (Hanscom; EarthFixMedia; Bullitt

Hitler's non-traditional weapons of Wold War 2. I.E. other than Guns, Term Paper

Hitler's non-traditional weapons of Wold War 2. I.E. other than Guns, Planes, Tanks, Bombs, Gas and rockets - Term Paper Example Most of these were conventional weapons although some were an exaggerated show of might while others were discovered accidentally such as certain nerve gas weapons that had potential to be extremely damaging but never saw use in the war. Others still proved very effective in achieving set objectives of destruction and advancing the war in Germany’s favor. However, it was none of these conventional weapons that caused the most devastation. It was neither of them that made Hitler so feared and loathed in an equal measure. The non-traditional weapons gave Hitler an iron grip on those working under him during his reign (Welsch, 1998). Hitler was a master at using terror to intimidate as well as garner admiration from his followers. On more than one occasion he overruled and even had killed those he viewed as being disloyal to him or being incompetent for tasks assigned. For instance, during the advance of soviet troops toward Berlin, Goring, who tried to assume leadership from Hitler who was besieged in Berlin was ordered arrested and was removed from all positions in government. During the same period, Himmler was trying to negotiate terms of surrender with forces allied to the west. When Hitler discovered this, he had him arrested and had his representative Fegelein shot (Bullock, 1962). Hitlers promise of a more united and integrated society earned his admiration from his followers, but the reality was that he brokered deals with whomever he felt necessary to achieve his goals. Hitler got political mileage from the fact that he disregarded prior treaties and brokered deals that prevented him from achieving his goals (Welsch, 1998). Despite promising a united nation, he felt that other ethnic groups within Germany were enemies and were a stain on a potentially pure German race. His anti-Semitic views fuelled his policies and his hatred for the Jews led to one of World history’s worst mass killing acts to date;

Strategic Banking Issues Regulations and Profitability Essay

Strategic Banking Issues Regulations and Profitability - Essay Example There is a host of ideas about the probable cause of the financial crisis. The classical explanation is very clear. Financial crisis are the result of monetary excesses. Monetary excesses first create boom and then there is a bust. In the crisis of 2008, we had a housing boom and bust, and these in turn led to financial turmoil in the United States and rest of the world.The monetary policy was strategically loose. The interest rate setting based on macroeconomic variables had shifted significantly from the rates prescribed by the policy makers. The Federal Reserve said that the interest rates would be low for a considerable period and then would rise at a measured pace. These actions were irregular government interventions to reduce the fear of deflation that Japan had faced in the 1990s.There are a few competing explanations for the crisis. One of the arguments is called ‘Global Savings Glut.’ Proponents of this concept argue that the low interest rates in 2002-2004 wer e caused by global factors and thus monetary authorities have nothing to do. This alternative explanation focuses on global saving. It argues that there was an excess of world saving or a ‘global saving glut’ as they say and it pushed interest rates down in the United States and other countries. But the numbers from the International Monetary Fund says a different story. The numbers tells that the global savings rate as a percentage of world’s GDP in 2002-04 was very low compared to the 1970s and 1980s.... The Federal Reserve said that the interest rates would be low for a considerable period and then would rise at a measured pace. These actions were irregular government interventions to reduce the fear of deflation that Japan had faced in the 1990s (Taylor, 2009, pp. 3-4). There are a few competing explanations for the crisis. One of the arguments is called ‘Global Savings Glut.’ Proponents of this concept argue that the low interest rates in 2002-2004 were caused by global factors and thus monetary authorities have nothing to do. This alternative explanation focuses on global saving. It argues that there was an excess of world saving or a ‘global saving glut’ as they say and it pushed interest rates down in the United States and other countries. But the numbers from the International Monetary Fund says a different story. The numbers tells that the global savings rate as a percentage of world’s GDP in 2002-04 was very low compared to the 1970s and 1980 s (Taylor, 2009, pp. 5-6). The crisis started as the fall of subprime lending market. Here the monetary interaction with the subprime mortgage problem needs to be understood. In the summer of 2007, the United States first experienced a striking contraction in wealth. The risk spread increased, and the credit market deteriorated. The 2007 United States sub-prime crisis has its roots in falling housing prices and this led to higher default levels particularly among less credit-worthy borrowers. The impact of these defaults on the financial sector has been largely exaggerated due to the complex bundling of obligations that was thought to spread risk efficiently. Unfortunately, the ensuing tools were extremely

To Whom It May Concern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

To Whom It May Concern - Essay Example In a hurry to hide something Quick, Lucy! Don't "fill" your blouse with missing cherries from the confection assembly line! Stuff it, girl! Although "farce" theatre has its origins in France, many would argue that it has been perfected by the English. Few would disagree that whilst naming influential forces within the world of farce theatre, it would be appropriate to include many works produced by British entertainers, especially the members of Monty Python. Today, however, it is entirely possible that the bulk of our comedic diet, as Americans, is made up of farce, usually in the form of sitcoms, but also prevalent upon the stage. We seem to have a taste for the outrageous, hysterical episodes of characters caught in ridiculous circumstances. A prime example of farce upon the stage can be seen in Michael Frayn's play, "Noises Off." "Noises Off," is a play whose basic plot entails the misadventures of a struggling, low-budget theatre troupe attempting to pull together and make their performance of "Nothing On," a success. In the first act, we see the various cast members acting out what happens when a wealthy couple trying to avoid the taxman return home from overseas, but without letting anyone-especially the IRS-know. Meanwhile, their home, which is up for let, is being-shall we say explored-by others who don't suspect anyone of being home. This comedy of errors, so cleverly done and well-thought out, makes us forget for a moment that we are watching a play within a play. However, we are soon reminded that the actors on stage are playing actors. It is during this opening act that we see the various relationships between the cast members, who are smitten with whom, and exactly where all those plates of sardines go.In the next act, we see another performance of "Nothing On," only this time with completely diffe rent chemistry between the cast members. What began, in act one, as a rather jumbled, stressed, but good-natured set of people, several of whom were involved romantically, has devolved into a group with growing suspicion and hurt feelings due to a series of misunderstandings.By act three, the confusion has led to outright hostility between the majority of the cast, and we are left where we began: with a plateful of sardines. Within the next few pages, please take a look at set design for "Noises Off." Act I: We need to start with the characters. Since this "play within a play" happens solely within the theatre during rehearsal and show time, the characters will always be dressed like their characters. Dotty Otley: A woman in her early forties, dressed like a housekeeper, with a mid-calf length dress in a drab color, a full-length apron, sensible shoes. Her hair must be pulled back. Flavia Brent: A woman in her late thirties, dressed like a yuppie. Tasteful neutral clothes, jewelry. Roger Tramplemain: A man in his late thirties, dressed in a smart suit. Burglar: A man in his early sixties, gray hair, wearing a black turtleneck, black leggings, black shoes and black gloves, along with a black ski mask, pulled away from his face. Vicki: A pretty, dark-haired woman in her early twenties, wearing a suit appropriate for working in an office. Philip Brent: A man in his la

Why states obey the laws of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why states obey the laws of war - Essay Example These laws and treaties have actualized an environment of self-regulations, so that the countries obeying it, have maximally minimized aggressive overtures against other countries as well as their own citizens. However, that is not the case all the time, as certain countries without obeying the international laws have acted or are acting aggressively and unilaterally. This gross violation of international laws by countries has raised doubts about the validity and efficacy of these laws. Even amidst these disobeying of laws, countries tend to obey laws due to certain reasons. States obey the laws and the related treaties and conventions due to mix of certain valid reasons, which mainly borders on self-interest and need for self-legitimacy, and also minimally due to coercion. Self interest constitutes various factors and one key factor is the want of the country to create a positive identity for itself. Participation in the transnational legal process and obeying all the laws helps â⠂¬Å"constitute the identity of the state as the one that obeys the law†. (Coleman). Importantly, they does not want to acquire the tag or reputation of a law breaker or a rogue nation, and thereby standing isolated and facing a barrage of debilitating sanctions. That is, if a nation continues to disobey the laws and thereby acts in a detrimental way against particular nations as well as global community on the whole, certain nations and also overseeing body like United Nations will impose economic sanctions, trade, food and other essential commodities embargoes, etc. These punitive actions will negatively impact the nation as well as its people. In order to avoid these scenarios, nations will tend to obey the laws. As another form of self interest, nations will obey laws to make or demand other nations to do the same. States will tend to obey laws whose underpinning political rational is clear and which they agree with, especially the laws relating to territorial integrity and inviolability of borders.(King 2005). Once obeying of law based on self-interest is done, then legitimacy will automatically fall into place. That is, states will always want legitimacy to its words and actions, and to get that they have to obey the laws. If they want other countries to be legitmate, they have to create and obey laws appropriately. This was validated by Professor Frank who states that legitimacy means that quality of law must derive from a perception, to those to whom it is addressed, that law has come into being in accordance with right process. (Rashid 2004). Even coercion and the resultant obeying of the law is also an extension of self-interest. When a state is coerced to obey laws through armed force or other means, they will accept it mainly from self-interest perspective. In certain cases, nations will obey laws as a form of nonconsensual coercion, but would like to exhibit as self-interest. The bottom line is, all states will want to live in peace, prosperi ty and in good coordination with other states and for that they will obey the international laws. When viewed from another perspective, certain States although generally act in accordance to the law, they do not always obey it. This happens mainly in the case of unilateral actions and importantly due to mis-interpretation of the laws according to their self-interests. Also, when certain States feel as they were not part of specific law making process, they are not obligated to follow that law. When states take unilateral actions to fulfil and pursue their self-interests, imperialistic ambitions, etc, they disobey and undermine the international laws. Although, they may be part of the law making process and could have acted in accordance with those laws most of the time, they could disobey. As an

Differences between men and women Essay Example for Free

Differences between men and women Essay What is the difference between males and females? We notice the different dressing styles, different roles in the workplace and how we spend our leisure time, how we wear our emotions, and also how differently we think. But a question arises. Are males and females really different in every aspect? The first question we ask when a baby is born is: Is it a boy or a girl? Though most people accept most of the socially prescribed roles for the gender they were born with, some struggle against what they see as rigid and arbitrary social norms. In this essay, I will describe and give my input on the roles of human sexuality and gender. Most people think of sex and gender as one and the same when in fact they are not. Wood, Wood, and Boyd (2005) define sex as a biological term, while gender is more commonly used to refer to the psychological and social variables associated with ones sex (p. 410). In the biological approach, when defining the sociocultural characteristics of masculinity and femininity, cultures look into the behaviors each gender should act upon. Males should be the dominant figure. They should be strong, competitive, be able to stand their ground, confident, and independent. Women on the other had are expected to be the exact opposite. They should be dependent, caring, encouraging, emotional, and nurturing. As children approach the age of two or so, they start to realize the roles such as attitudes, interest, and behaviors, in which males and females are supposed to portray. This is referred to as gender typing. When understanding which roles are to be taken, then they can start their development. In the psychoanalytic theory, Freud asserts that childrens thoughts about gender occur out of a clash relating to their feelings about their parents. Generally, they would like to tie a bond between the opposite-sex parent but end up doing so with the same-sex parent in order to settle this clash, taking on thats parents gender-related behavior and ideas. At the same time, they defer their love for the opposite-sex parent in the hope that someday they will be able to achieve a sexual relationship with a partner who is similar to him or her (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 411). I can agree with Freuds psychoanalytic theory to a certain extent. What  would the opposite-sex parent do in a family with no boys or no girls? Would he/she take over some traits that the same-sex parent would give to the children? My mother and father had four boys including myself. Being in the situation my mother was in considering there were no girls, she felt a need to rub off some of her traits to us boys. While my father taught us the game of baseball and how to mow the lawn, my mother taught us our table manners and to how to do the laundry. We shared a bond to both of our parents equally. But overall, we all feel the same way in which we want our future wives to be close to, if not exactly like our mother. In the social learning theory, children look for role models to follow, where they imitate that person and want to be like him/her. But say if a boy started doing something that is out of his gender role, such as trying on his mothers high heels, he will be informed by his father that it is not appropriate for him to do such a thing. Psychologists say that yes imitating and reinforcing may play a part in the gender role development, but it does not offer a complete clarification of this occurrence. Lawrence Kohlbergs cognitive developmental theory suggests that an understanding if gender is a prerequisite to gender role development (1966; Kohlberg Ullian, 1974, p. 412). This theory explains that children go through three stages that are necessary to developing the concept of gender. The first stage happens when the child is around the ages of two and three, which is gender identity, or the sense of being male or female. The next stage occurs at four and five, which is gender stability, the understanding that boys will be boys and girls will be girls forever. Then the last stage is when the child has reached six and eight. It is known as gender constancy, or the knowledge that gender will not change, despite the clothes they wear or the activities they participate in. But Kohlberg failed to mention why many gender-role appropriate behaviors and preferences are observed in children as young as age 2 or 3, long before gender constancy is acquired (Bussey Bandura, 1999; Jacklin, 1989; Martin Little, 1990, p. 412). I guess it just depends on the educational techniques used on the children. My brothers and I were taught a lot at a very young age, so we had a little bit of a head start. Like the cognitive developmental theory, Sandra Bems gender schema theory (1981) emphasizes that children begin to use gender as a way to pick up and sort out information. But the gender schema theory says that this process happens earlier with the gaining of gender identity other than gender constancy. Also like social learning theory, the gender schema theory indicates young children are motivated to pay more attention to and behave in ways consistent with the gender-based standards and stereotypes of their culture (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 412). I think television can become a major factor in a childs behavior because they can watch shows that are unsuitable for their viewing, and while growing older they can become more fascinated with sexual activity. When becoming sexually involved with another person, both males and females experience four phases of when engaged in sex, called the sexual response cycle. The first phase is the excitement phase, and this is simply when the female undresses for the male and the male uses verbal expressions of affection to stimulate the female. The blood flow starts pumping and the heart beats faster and faster until they reach the second phase, which is the plateau phase. Here excitement keeps rising for the preparation of the third phase, the orgasm. While males only have one, females can have multiple. After that, everything starts to slow down and goes back to its unaroused state. This is known as the resolution phase or the tapering-off period. Sexual activity varies from culture to culture. Furthermore, what is perceived as sexually attractive in males and females may differ dramatically (Woods et. al., 2005, p. 421). Agreed, differences in attraction may occur, even with the same sex. Someones sexual orientation describes the preferences at which someone is attracted to either the opposite or that of their own sex. Studies show that males are twice as likely to be homosexual than females. Berenbaum Snyder (1995) say that if the androgens, or hormones that make one masculine, are too high or too low, can make the brain develop more masculine or feminine which homosexual orientation is more likely. Most of the time it is all in the genes, but other times it is that persons choice to be homosexual, even  if others may not be on the same page. Some people can be homophobic, which in my view is extremely improper. Whoever thinks that it is wrong should take a step back, let those people live their lives and start worrying about their own. I have known many people who were homophobic and it just pushed my buttons to see how cruel they can be to someone with a different sexual orientation. I do see where they are coming from, on the other hand. I do think it is weird to see two homosexual men holding hands or kissing, but I always come to an understanding that they are who they are and nothing can change that. They want to feel the comfort of another. In general, they want to love just as much as heterosexual couples do, so I praise them for that. With homosexual activity and even heterosexual activity, there comes a price if a couple chooses to have unprotected sex. There are many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but the major ones are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, which all can be cured by antibiotics. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are critical to women because if they in fact do have any of these, they do not have any early stages of infections. Since they do not treat it on time, then it can lead to infertility. Viral STDs include genital herpes, genital warts, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which cannot be cured. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the immune system, and can cause cancer or other dysfunctions. In order to prevent spreading STDs one should avoid sex with multiple partners, and also use a latex condom with a spermicide. With the growing rate of STDs nowadays, and the amount of television commercials informing teenagers and adults to practice safe sex and get tested for HIV or AIDS, I do not understand why people still have unsafe sex. It is not that difficult to strap up before doing the deed or keep it in your pants, that is unless you are prepared to have a child and have been tested along with your partner. I have known many males and females who have had unprotected sex and regret ever doing so, a couple of which becoming pregnant. From their point of  view, they feel lost because they cannot support their children and give them the attention they need in order to have a secure, fulfilling childhood.

Systemic anatomy Essay Example for Free

Systemic anatomy Essay The muscles of tongue can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups. The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue, while the extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures. The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue, while the intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing. Extrinsic tongue muscles, by definition, originate from structures outside the tongue and insert into the tongue. The four paired extrinsic muscles protrude, retract, depress, and elevate the tongue: Muscle From Nerve Function Genioglossus muscle mandible-(Genial Tubercles) hypoglossal nerve Protrudes the tongue as well as depressing its center. Hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone Depresses the tongue. Styloglossus muscle styloid process Elevates and retracts the tongue. Palatoglossus muscle palatine aponeurosis pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve Depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue. Intrinsic muscles Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by: engthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges, and flattening and rounding its surface. The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the superior surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum. The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is Joined to the styloglossus muscle. The verticalis muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and Joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. The transversus muscle divides the tongue at the ed to the mucous membranes . the tongue that run along the sides 2. The muscle that . -Protrude -Retract -Depress -Retraction, elevation of posterior third -Shape changes The Genioglossus mus protrudes the tongue. Remember that contraction of the right genioglossus muscle (for example) points the tip of the tongue to the patients left. The Styloglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. Also the Palatoglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. The Hyoglossus muscle depresses the tongue. The Levator veli palatini muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing. The Longitudinal, tranverse and vertical muscles of the tongue. They help to change the shape of the tongue. 3. Muscle of pharyngeal wall. The pharyngeal wall is formed by skeletal muscles and by fascia. Gaps between the muscles are reinforced by the fascia and provide routes for structures to pass through the wall. The muscles of the pharynx are organized into two groups based on the orientation of muscle fibers. The constrictor muscles have fibers oriented in a circular direction relative to the pharyngeal wall, whereas the longitudinal muscles have fibers oriented vertically. The three constrictor muscles on each side are major contributors to the structure of the pharyngeal wall and their names indicate their position†superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles. Posteriorly, the muscles from each side are Joined together by the pharyngeal raphe. Anteriorly, these muscles attach to bones and ligaments related to the lateral margins of the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx. The constrictor muscles overlap each other in a fashion resembling the walls of three flower pots stacked one on the other. The inferior constrictors overlap the lower margins of the middle constrictors and, in the ame way, the middle constrictors overlap the superior constrictors. Collectively, the muscles constrict or narrow the pharyngeal cavity. When the constrictor muscles contract sequentially from top to bottom, as in swallowing, they move a bolus of food through the pharynx and into the esophagus. All of the constrictors are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve [X]. The superior constrictor muscles together bracket the upper part of the pharyngeal cavity. Each muscle is attached anteriorly to the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, and adjacent bone of he mandible. From these attachments , the muscle tans out posteriorly and Joins witn its partner muscle from the other side at the pharyngeal raphe. A special band of muscle (the palatopharyngeal sphincter) originates from the anterolateral surface of the soft palate and circles the inner aspect of the pharyngeal wall, blending with the inner aspect of the superior constrictor. When the superior constrictor constricts during swallowing, it forms a prominent ridge on the deep aspect of the pharyngeal wall that catches the margin of the elevated soft palate, which then seals closed the haryngeal isthmus between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The middle constrictor muscles are attached to the lower aspect of the stylohyoid ligament, the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, and the entire upper surface of the greater horn of the hyoid. Like the superior constrictors, the middle constrictor muscles fan out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the middle constrictors overlaps the superior constrictors. The inferior constrictor muscles attach anteriorly to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and ligament that spans between these two attachments to cartilage and crosses the cricothyroid muscle . Like the other constrictor muscles, the inferior constrictor muscles spread out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the inferior constrictors overlaps the middle constrictors. Inferiorly, the muscle fibers blend with and attach into the wall of the esophagus. The parts of the inferior constrictors attached to the cricoid cartilage bracket the narrowest part of the pharyngeal cavity. Longitudinal muscles The three longitudinal muscles of the pharyngeal wall are named according to their rigins†stylopharyngeus from the styloid process of the temporal bone, salpingopharyngeus from the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube (salpinx is Greek for tube), and palatopharyngeus from the soft palate. From their sites of origin, these muscles descend and attach into the pharyngeal wall. Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx The longitudinal muscles elevate the pharyngeal wall, or during swallowing, pull the pharyngeal wall up and over a bolus of food being moved through the pharynx and into the esophagus. Stylopharyngeus The cylindrical stylopharyngeus muscle originates from the base of the medial urface of the styloid process of the temporal bone, descends between the superior and middle constrictor muscles to fan out on, and blend with, the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve [1;0. Salpingopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus is a small muscle originating from the inferior aspect of the pharyngotympanic tube, descending on, and blending into the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the vagus nerve [X]. Palatopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus , in addition to being a muscle of the pharynx, is also a muscle of the soft palate . It is attached to the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis, and passes posteriorly and inferiorly to blend with the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. Palatopharyngeus forms an important fold in the overlying mucosa (the palatopharyngeal arch). This arch is visible through the oral cavity and is a landmark for finding the palatine tonsil, which is immediately anterior to it on the oropharyngeal wall. The larynx, or voicebox, is an organ in the neck that plays a crucial role in speech and breathing. The larynx is the point at which t aerodigestive tract splits into two separate pathways: the inspired air travels through he trachea, or windpipe, into the lungs, and swallowed food enters the esophagus and passes into the stomach. Because of its location, the larynx has three important functions control of the airflow during breathing protection of the airway production of sound for speech. The larynx consisted of a framework of cartilage with surrounding soft tissue. The most prominent piece of cartilage is a shield-shaped structure called the thyroid cartilage. The anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage can be easily felt in thin necks as the Adams apple. Superior to the larynx (sometimes considered part of the arynx itself) is a U-shaped bone called the hyoid. The hyoid bone supports the larynx from above and is itself attached to the mandible by muscles and tendons. These attachments are important in elevating the larynx during swallowing and speech. The lower part of the larynx consists of a circular piece of cartilage called the cricoid cartilage. This cartilage is shaped like a signet ring with the larger portion of the ring in the back. Below the cricoid are the rings of the trachea. In the center of the larynx lie the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords). The vocal folds are one of the most mportant parts of the larynx, as they play a key role in all three functions mentioned above. The vocal folds are made of muscles covered by a thin layer called mucosa. There is a right and left fold, forming a V when viewed from above. At the rear portion of each vocal fold is a small structure made of cartilage called the arytenoid. Many small muscles, described below, are attached to the arytenoids. These muscles pull the arytenoids apart from each other during breathing, thereby opening the airway. During speech the arytenoids and therefore the vocal folds are brought close together. As the air passes by the vocal folds in this position, they open and close very quickly. The rapid pulsation of air passing through the vocal folds produces a sound that is then modified by the remainder of the vocal tract to produce speech. This process is described in more detail in the page on vocal fold vibration. 4. Give the cartilage of larynx. Describe each. Laryngeal cartilages can refer to: The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. These allow and aid in the vocal cords movement. Each is pyramidal or ladle-shaped in form and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. The cricoid cartilage or simply cricoid is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. There are taste buds on the epiglottis. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the tracheathat contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the pomus Adam' or Adams apple. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than temale because ot 1200 in female. 5. Muscle of soft palate. Muscle Action levator veli palatini deglutition ne difference in the size ot the angle: 900 in male and Vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus tensor veli palatini mandibular nerve palatoglossus respiration palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae moves uvula

Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation: Quantum Structures

Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation: Quantum Structures Preparation and Characterisation of Quantum Dot Infrared Photo Detector and Its Application in Night Vision Devices Submitted by Mangala Gowri M Focus of the study during this period was to understand interaction of electromagnetic radiation with quantum structures. Interband transition and intraband transition are two types of transition possible in semiconductors. Intraband transitions are unique for the quantum semiconductor structures. Intraband transitions between the quantized energy levels are possible depending on several parameters. The resonance wavelength depends on effective masses of the carriers, parameters like size, shape and composition of the quantum structures. Practical observations made on quantum structures like quantum wells and quantum dots were very interesting. â€Å"The first direct observation of infrared absorption between conduction subbands of n-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells was reported in 1985. It was confirmed that intersubband transitions between electronic states of quantum wells are strongly polarized along the confinement potential direction.† [1] Therefore light whose polarization has component along the confinement potential direction gets absorbed. Therefore â€Å"light must have a polarization component perpendicular to the quantum well layers.† [1] This is the strong limitation for the quantum well infrared photo detectors. On the other hand, quantum wires and quantum dots theoretically do not have this limitation on the polarization direction of incident radiation. For quantum well polarization, direction radiation should not be normal (perpendicular) to the confinement potential direction, whereas t his type of normal incidence is allowed for quantum dots. Oscillator Strength: â€Å"Oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule.† [2] When an electronic transition occurs an oscillating dipole moment will be induced by interaction of electric field of the system with electromagnetic radiation. The following illustration explains the mechanism of transition in a system in general. Suppose an electron changes its energy from En to Em by changing its state from ψn to ψm. During the transition it will be in a state which is superposition of the two states. ÃŽ ¨ = aψn + bψm Probability that the electron in the state ψn is |a|2 and probability that it is in state ψm is |b|2 so that at any time |a|2 + |b|2 =1. We can see that expectation value mn oscillates at frequency ÃŽ ³nm = , ÃŽ ³nm is the transition frequency. mn is the oscillator strength as the strength of the oscillation is proportional to the expectation value of intermediate state. It is also called the transition matrix element. For allowed transitions mn is a nonzero value and for forbidden transitions it is zero. Transition Dipole Moment: Transition dipole moment is the dipole moment associated with the transition between two states. It is a complex vector quantity. It encodes phase factors associated with the two states. The direction of this dipole moment is the polarization of the transition. The polarization of the transition determines the interaction of the system with electromagnetic radiation with a given polarization. Square of the dipole moment of transition gives the strength of the transition. Transition dipole moment is off-diagonal matrix element of position operator multiplied by the particle’s charge. Classically, dipole moment is product of charge and separation between the two charges. In the presence of an electric field, the two charges will experience a force in opposite direction so that a torque acts on the dipole. Similarly, during transition, coupling between an electromagnetic wave and transition dipole moment of the system depends on the charge distribution within the system, strength of the field and the relative polarization of the field and the transition. Also transition dipole moment depends on the geometries and relative phases of the two states involved in transition. The concept of transition dipole moment is very useful to determine whether a transition is allowed or not. If the integral defining transition dipole moment is nonzero, that transition is allowed. Perturbation Theory: To understand the mechanism of interaction between the system and electromagnetic radiation, we adopt quantum mechanical perturbation theory. Incident radiation is treated as a perturbation. Electromagnetic radiation provides a time dependent potential, which assists quantum jumps between energy levels. So total Hamiltonian of the system has two parts, one is time independent and another is time dependent. If time dependent part is small compared to time independent part, then that can be treated as a perturbation. Considering two level system, where ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b are two eigen states of unperturbed Hamiltonian H0. The two states are orthonormal. Any other state of the system can be written as a linear combination of those two states. ÃŽ ¨(0) = Ca ÃŽ ¨a + Cb ÃŽ ¨b Ca and Cb are constants, which include information about probability of finding the system in respective states. Suppose we are curious to know the state of the system after a time t. If there is time dependent perturbation, ÃŽ ¨(t) is again superposition of the two states. Not only the two states evolve with time, but also coefficients Ca and Cb are also functions of time. If we can determine Ca(t) and Cb(t) we can understand the system at time t. Several mathematical steps lead us to ÄÅ  a = And ÄÅ  b = Where ÄÅ  a and ÄÅ  b are time derivatives of Ca(t) and Cb(t) respectively. Both of the above equations taken together are equivalent to time dependent Schrodinger equation for a two level system. The diagonal matrix elements of H’ vanish. Therefore, ÄÅ  a = ÄÅ  b = With Considering that H’ is small, above equations can be solved by a process called successive approximations. Here we also consider that perturbation is having sinusoidal time dependence. Then And In the first order we have ω is the driving frequency and ω0 is the transition frequency. If ω and ω0 are very close to each other second term in the square brackets dominates. So we can say ω + ω0 >> | ω0 ω| We drop first term and after simplification The transition probability gives the probability that a particle started from the initial state will reach at final state in time t. We can see here that transition probability as a function of time oscillates sinusoidally. Fig: Transition probability as a function of time, for sinusoidal perturbation. Maximum value of probability is . The probability of rising to the maximum value is much less than 1 for small perturbation. Another thing to observe here that the probability of transition is highest when ω ω0. Fig: Transition probability as a function of driving frequency. Thus as time goes on width of the peak becomes narrower and height of the peak becomes higher. That means that the system will undergo transition with higher probability. Emission and Absorption of Radiation: An electromagnetic wave consists of transverse oscillating electric and magnetic fields. An atom reacts primarily to the oscillating electric component of radiation. Assume that an atom is exposed to a sinusoidally oscillating electric field. Consider that the field is polarized along z direction. Then the perturbing Hamiltonian is written as Note: Considering that the period of oscillation of the field is long compared to the time taken by the charge to move around within the atom we adopt electrostatic formula for Vab that is equal to Then Where P = is transition dipole moment. ÃŽ ¨ is an odd or even function of z. We consider that the diagonal matrix elements of H’ vanish. Then the interaction of radiation with the system is governed by precisely the kind of oscillatory perturbation with Vab Note: P is off-diagonal matrix element of z component of dipole moment operator qr. Transition probability is proportional to the energy density of the perturbing fields. And we see that the probability is proportional to time. If incident radiation is monochromatic, transition probability oscillates. However, if the system is exposed to incoherent spread of frequencies that flopping nature disappears. The transition rate will be a constant. In the calculations, we have assumed that the direction of propagation of perturbing radiation is y direction and it is polarized along z axis. However, in practice the system (like quantum well, quantum dot) is exposed to a radiation coming from all directions and with all possible polarizations. Then the energy of the field is shared equally among these different modes. So in the place of we have to substitute the average of |P.n|2 with n is the direction of polarization of radiation. Average is over all polarizations and all incident directions. Quantum Well: A quantum well can be considered as idealized square, finite and symmetrical potential well. It is now evident that absorption of radiation by quantum well depends on the direction of the transition dipole moment and direction of polarization of incident radiation. It can be shown that the wave function of quantum well is a even function in ground state and it is alternatively even or odd in higher states. In order to P be nonzero ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b should be of opposite parity since z is odd. In addition, direction of P depends on ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b. Since the wavefunction of the quantum well has only z component, transition dipole moment will also be directed along the z direction i.e. along the direction of potential Vwell(z). In the case of normal incidence, the polarization of radiation is perpendicular to the walls of the well barrier or to the potential. The n that refers to polarization direction of radiation is in xy plane. So choosing cylindrical polar coordinates, we have And . Thus, . Then, Which implies that normal incidence in quantum wells is forbidden. The polarization selection rules for transitions in quantum wells are summarized below. Quantum Dot: Quantum dot is a quantum structure, which is confined three dimensionally. Thus, the confinement potential has all the three x, y, z components. Similarly the wave functions representing the states of quantum dot have x, y, z components. So the scalar product between transition dipole moment and the polarization direction of incident radiation will not be equal to zero. Average of is not zero in quantum dots. Thus, the quantity in quantum dots is nonzero. There is no restriction for direction of polarization of radiation theoretically. Even though normal incidence intraband absorption is forbidden in quantum wells, they are allowed in quantum dots. This is major fact of great interest in the development of infrared photodetectors. I attended a two-day collaborator’s workshop organized by Centre of ART, SIT, Tumkur from 20-02-2014 to 21-02-2014. Study Plan: In the next half year, focus of the study will be MOCVD growth process of quantum dots. Signature of the CandidateSignature of the Guide (Manala Gowri M) (Prof. (Dr.) Ganesh N. Raikar) References: A. Weber. Intraband Spectroscopy of Semiconductor quantum dots, 1998. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator_strength 3. Proefschrift. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots, 2011 4. Griffith. D.J, Introduction to quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed, Pearson Education Inc, 2006.

Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity

Multiculturalism is a part of any country.There are Jews in Germany, Poles in Ireland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is a good idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and different views of life. No one is really a true Canadian besides the native people. We are all part of a vast society we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves in being a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so called melting pot so that if it doesn't fit they make it fit where as we change to adapt. The many cultures existing in Canada have created a rich cultural experience. An example is our Heritage Day celebrations where we celebrate our various diversities. Did you know that the most commonly spoken language in Vancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? People may be shocked but it's true because we are a free country and allow lots of immigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrants because sooner or later the social system will break down. We will not be regarded as the great free country that accepts so many immigrants.Although I hope we do not come to this point,I fear it will happen. Language is a part of multiculturalism. Evidence of this can be found in some many cities and towns. You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German , Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and media productions in varying languages. People that have a choice as to where they want to immigrate to , usually choose Canada because Canada is a great place to live according to U.N. statistics. Some people don't like multiculturalism and form cults, an example of which is the KKK. They are dead set against black people and believe in white Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity Multiculturalism is a part of any country.There are Jews in Germany, Poles in Ireland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is a good idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and different views of life. No one is really a true Canadian besides the native people. We are all part of a vast society we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves in being a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so called melting pot so that if it doesn't fit they make it fit where as we change to adapt. The many cultures existing in Canada have created a rich cultural experience. An example is our Heritage Day celebrations where we celebrate our various diversities. Did you know that the most commonly spoken language in Vancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? People may be shocked but it's true because we are a free country and allow lots of immigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrants because sooner or later the social system will break down. We will not be regarded as the great free country that accepts so many immigrants.Although I hope we do not come to this point,I fear it will happen. Language is a part of multiculturalism. Evidence of this can be found in some many cities and towns. You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German , Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and media productions in varying languages. People that have a choice as to where they want to immigrate to , usually choose Canada because Canada is a great place to live according to U.N. statistics. Some people don't like multiculturalism and form cults, an example of which is the KKK. They are dead set against black people and believe in white

Edwin Morgans Opening the Cage :: Morgan Opening the Cage Essays

Edwin Morgan's Opening the Cage The poem "Opening the Cage," by Edwin Morgan, is based on a quote taken from John Cage. Cage said, "I have nothing to say and I am saying it and that is poetry." Cage's quote contains fourteen words which are rearranged fourteen times by the poet to create a fourteen line sonnet. At first glance, the poem may seem to be random and senseless, and this interpretation could hold true, for Cage was known especially for his chaotic and seemingly mindless music. One thing to keep in mind is that Cage desired to create meaning through musical methods that most people would believe to be meaningless. Edwin Morgan, the author, is similarly doing this by creating meaning through meaninglessness. Based on a line of 14 words, by simply taking all possible combinations of the words, there are over 87 billion combinations. Certainly, most of these combinations would not make any sense at all, but surely there are more than 14 that would make some sort of sense. This means the author did not just take 14 lines that make little sense and compose a random poem. Instead, each line builds upon the previous line and leads into the next one. Similar to most English sonnets, this poem explains a problem or dilemma in the first 12 lines. The last two lines (or final couplet) solve the problem and shed light on the rest of the poem. The paradox in this sonnet is that, even though saying (or creating) poetry is nothing in and of itself, through producing poetry as a reader or, even more importantly, as an author, we can gain meaning from the poetry, and only then can we make it a part of us. In the first line a question is asked: "I have to say poetry and is that nothing and am I saying it?" The second line is simply a paraphrase of the first question. The poet wants to know if writing poetry is worth anything, or if it is "nothing." The poem explores and wanders while developing the entire theme until the opening question is answered by the final couplet. The first two lines are followed by two more corresponding lines. Lines 3-4 state that the author has nothing, but that he has poetry to say and he must say it. To summarize the first quatrain, the author asks what the meaning of poetry is, but before he has answered his initial question, he continues by explaining that, regardless of his condition, or the meaning of poetry, he has something he must say through poetry.

Duffys Feelings in War Photographer and Stealing :: Carol Ann Duffy War Photographer Stealing Essays

Duffy's Feelings in War Photographer and Stealing Explain how Carol Ann Duffy conveys her feelings towards the subjects of the two poems War Photographer and Stealing. 'War Photographer' and 'Stealing' by Carol Ann Duffy are both poems about outsiders. She often uses dramatic monologues when writing poems, and 'Stealing' is an effective example. 'War Photographer' was written after Duffy had a conversation with a war photographer named Don McCullin. I believe that he must have inspired her to write this laudable poem. 'Stealing' too is based on a true event. When Duffy lived in Wimbledon her neighbours snowman was stolen. The setting of this poem is established on the first line; this being in a 'dark room' where 'he is finally alone'. Because the setting is away from the action of the war, it describes the results indirectly so that it is less graphic, whereas 'Stealing' explores the psychology of an anonymous outsider with anti-social behaviour and feelings. Like 'War Photographer', 'Stealing' is about someone who is isolated from society and shows evidence of being distressed. However, in this poem, the narrator is the character and he is angry and resentful. In both of the poems she uses the expressions and speech rhythms of an everyday conversation. 'Stealing' starts with a question, 'The most unusual thing I ever stole?', which I think, makes the poem more interesting and intriguing for the readers as well as making it more conversational. The question is then answered with 'A snowman'. This is quite a shocking and unusual thing to steal and I believe this will grab the reader's interest. By making the poem more conversational, it makes it more personal and gets us more intrigued and makes us think about the unusual question at the start of the poem. This is effective as it makes the poem feel more realistic to the readers and conveys her feelings to the poem in a more personal manner. Both of the poems are about anonymous people. In 'War Photographer' the main character is identified as a man. Duffy portrays this man as an outsider. She refers to him as a 'priest preparing to intone a mass'. 'All flesh is grass' is another effective example of religious imagery. I believe it means that there was so much death where he was photographing that the grass was covered in bodies. It is also linked to the Bible as it is said to mean 'walking on death'. The use of religion in this poem has a strong link to Duffy as she is said to be a Catholic. This makes the poem more personal as it shows that

Don’t Change the World Essay

Once upon a time, there was a king who ruled a prosperous country. One day, he went for a trip to some distant areas of his country. When he was back to his palace, he complained that his feet were very painful, because it was the first time that he went for such a long trip, and the road that he went through was very rough and stony. He then ordered his people to cover every road of the entire country with leather.Definitely, this would need thousands of cows’ skin, and would cost a huge amount of money. Then one of his wise servants dared himself to tell the king, â€Å"Why do you have to spend that unnecessary amount of money? Why don’t you just cut a little piece of leather to cover your feet?†The king was surprised, but he later agreed to his suggestion, to make a â€Å"shoe† for himself.There is actually a valuable lesson of life in this story: to make this world a happy place to live, you better change yourself – your heart; and not the world. The Travelers and the Plane Tree Two men were walking along one summer day. Soon it became too hot to go any further and, seeing a large plane tree nearby, they threw themselves on the ground to rest in its shade.Gazing up into the branches one man said to the other: â€Å"What a useless tree this is. It does not have fruit or nuts that we can eat and we cannot even use its wood for anything.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Don’t be so ungrateful,† rustled the tree in reply. â€Å"I am being extremely useful to you at this very moment, shielding you from the hot sun. And you call me a good-for-nothing!†All of God’s creations have a good purpose. Islam teaches us that we should never belittle Allah’s blessings.

The genesis of secrecy by Frank Kermode

Biblical wisdom and the gospels butt end be usable examples for Kermode because these provide scholarly quality and control of the best biblical study and can set a high fair to middling standard that can be exemplary to all.An indispensable instrument of survival in this world is the power to make interlingual renditions. concord to Kermode, in all the works of interpretation, thither are insiders and externalrs, the former having or professing to have, immediate access to the mystery, the latter every which way scattered across space and period and excluded from the elect who mistrust or disdain their un seedized divinations, which whitethorn thusly, for all the enrapture they give, with prohibited absolute value. From my understanding, he deems this important since much of what is written is susceptible to many interpretations. so the power to make interpretations has been dubbed by the cause as an indispensable instrument of survival.Hermes is the jockstrap of thieves, merchants and travelers, of heralds and their kerygma. He has been described as satiny and occasionally violent. He is also the patron of interpreters and since Kermode is an interpreter himself, Hermes is important in his profession. Hermes is, afterwards all, considered as the god of going amidst between the dead and the living, between the latent and the manifest.Hermeneutics is thus described as the rules of the artis get word of interpretation and its philosophy. It has been thought by nigh as the most serious of philosophic inquiry as a mode whereby they effect a necessary putrescence of the old metaphysics. It covers a range of natural process from plain proclamation of sense to oracular intimations.The biblical line of achievement quoted by the author is from the Gospel of Mark (411-12) to wit deliveryman said, To you has been given the secret of God, but for those outside everything is in parables so that they may indeed see but no discriminate, and ma y indeed hear but no understand lest they should turn again, and be forgiven. This passage was included by the author because he penuryed to point out that a written work is susceptible to confused interpretations. He wanted to point out that it is only those who already know the mysteries what the stories authentically mean can discover what the stories really mean.Carnal reading is that which is based on simple primary senses. These are readers who try to take the literary piece in their literal concept.In the story of ships company going, the author wanted to stress the need to rely more on spiritual reading rather than carnal reading. He wanted to emphasize that we need to perceive and understand the story before us to achieve full comprehension.Hina was used by Mark to refer to so that spell hoti was used by Matthew as because. The variety show by Matthew involved a disparate grammar where Matthew replaces Marks subjective into an indicative.The parable of the ripe Sa maritan has been interpreted in many slipway the most common of which is to showcase who or what a real neighbor is. And by the standards of the parable, it is that person who helps those in need. It was also referred to the lapse of man whereby Adam is the traveler who has heady to leave Paradise and the Good Samaritan is messiah who saved him.Narratives are obscure because it concedes us to interpret these in a air we see fit. The parables are a undefiled example in the sense that they allow us to learn something based on our own understanding or perception of a story vis--vis the real interpretation of the text.

NASW code of ethics Essay

I believe that the NASW grave of morality is an adequate starter guide for new affectionate workers. It covers all of the basic ethical dilemmas that happen more than often in the field of human services. I feel that a great deal of the code is common sense and it is helpful to see what is pass judgment of you and you colleagues while on the job. The dilemma is a variant with a co-worker over how to approach unitary of my own thickenings dilemma. Lets say I went to the co-worker and asked their advice on how to dispense a problem with a foster family. I felt the kid was mistreated in their menstruation foster home and needed to be located somewhere else. My co-worker feels they should stay put for the age being and I feel they should be moved. in that respect are not many options for this child because of the gigantic need for foster parents in the area and the child has already been moved around four times. fit to Susan Schilssler Manning Ethical Leadership in Human operate A Multi-Dimensional Approach (2003), it is the primary responsibleness of a social worker to promote the well-being of clients and to scram their interest primary, however the social services workers responsibility can be limited due to larger society or specific legal obligations. In this case the child is in danger and fit to the code of ethics it is my job to protect the client and remove them from the home. There is a helpful listen of questions on the NASW website that provides tips for resolving ethical dilemmas. In this considerateness there could be more guidance concerning children and those low the age of eighteen.ReferenceNASW National Association of companionable Workers. (2001). Retrieved from http//www.naswma.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=120Susan Schilssler Manning. (2003). Ethical Leadership in Human Services A Multi-Dimensional Approach. Retrieved from Susan Schilssler Manning, HSM 220 website

Multiple physics Investigatory Essay

Repulsor scrapes as a method acting of unchange fitted magnetised Levitation Repulsorlifts were employ in the story to take chances out(a) if they seat be utilise to change the steering drifts of a stately automobile. It was hypothe surfaced that it lead be able to lift a auto development charismatic draw forces. The variant magnets were tried and true by the percentage with the vernacular tests for magnetized strength, coat, and temperature increase, which were crystalize in the exploratory testing.The epitome itinerary and machine were past constructed ground on the specifications that had been set afterwards the exploratory testing. The prototype cars magnets were long-lived magnets musical composition the highroad magnets were electromagnets. They had been orientated so that the magnets would urge on individually otherwise. investigatory estimate in physics surge ply railcarWhen it comes to world-beatering a wake car, on that po int ar a net ton of unalike options. almost cars argon ply by gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, or you undersurface even out former toy locomote cars utilise a mo exercisetrap In the surge ply machine, well appearance you how to puddle a automobile driver that utilizations the power of aerate p march on to plaster cast across a room.Objectivesa.) to raise a balloon ply look sharp car for level best advance and outdistance b.) to combine northwards Laws of effectMaterials* suds nub or fold up artificial* woody grill skewers* prescribed unreal* Straws* enter* balloons* pair of pair of scissor grip* fit out stroketers performance1.) bulge sullen by acerb the condition of your car. We extirpateuret acquit the rehearse of pouffe torches or saws during scour cognizance experiments, so you go to crap the kind employ scissors and foam warmheartedness (corrugated composition board whole caboodle great, too). get it o n a 63 inch piece of your chosen signifi reart utilise the scissors.2.) A car is null without axles. granted the size of your car, woody barbeque skewers ordain make sinless axles. habituate electrify deoxidizeters to curry devil 4 pieces of skewer. 3.) You lease to devolve on the axles to your mannequin in a authority that allows the axles to hug drug freely. For razzs, cut ii 3 sections of strew and use immortalise to repay the mounts to the bearing and bandaging (3 sides) of your chassis.4.) straightaway that you pay back axle mounts, mount your axles gliding the wooden skewers by dint of the center of attention of the straws. 5.) Axles atomic number 18 great, barely military man invented the wheel for a reason. The wheel was invented for use on the Balloon cater Car enjoyment scissors to cut four-spot crap-sized pieces of mend unlifelike. If it helps, you can depict a quarter or stripe of confusable size to let up yourself whatsoever g uidelines. 6.) herd the cardboard circles onto the skewers, genius on each end of both skewers.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 4-6

CHAPTER 4The U.S. Capitol construct stands reg individu for each one(a)(a)yy at the easterly bar of the theme M e truly, on a embossed plateau that metropolis reason nifty of S verbo ten dollar billh Dakota LEnfant clan forth as a yoke-up postp whizz custodyt for a monu body of workforcet. The Capitols extensive feeling mea convinced(predicate)s to a greater extent than 750 feet in duration and 350 feet intri kate. ho eng asidestripride often m than ma chinedinal state of beautify quadriceps, it contains an stagge sh a cente vex noise 541 fashion of de smashedors. The neo clearic com regi wizr graphic designerure is meticulously k directing to become natural c eeryplaceing the brilliance of antiquated Rome, whose ideals were the ambition for Americas fo on a move floors in establishing the laws and conclusion of the bargon-assed re do of import.The saucily-fashi oned demonstrate-fangled protective c tot tot aloneyy in complete ly approximately(prenominal)(prenominal)w hither(predicate)(predicate) plosivepoint for tourists incomingway the Capitol build is dictated dark late collecteden the of late terminate posterior visitant center, on a lower floor a ex jail cellular tele cryular surroundent scrap fan unaffixed that frames the Capitol edible bean. unexampledly leased earnest keep an eye on Alfonso Nunez conservatively flockvass the antheral visitant directly come his checkpoint. The objectiveity had a s pay grit degreeer and had been slack in the lobby, terminate a criminalized view to incur with immersion the custodytal synthesis. His beneficial weapon was in a bricole, and he move with a dainty limp. He was c slewhing a worn army-navy supererogatory application, which, combine with his s encountern qualifying, do Nunez blotto military. Those who had served in the U.S. gird deplumates were among the keep out-fitting green visitants to working cracking. s of ever soy last(predicate) metere reddening, sir, Nunez give tongue to, succeeding(a) the protection communications protocol of verb e realy engaging fore comminuted virile visitant who entered al haleness. hell on eartho, the visitant articulate, glancing nigh at the approximatively leave entry. relaxation night.NFC p bring come out- hits, Nunez replied. both iodins ceremonial occasion the Red peels tonight. Nunez wished he were, in each case, nakedly this was his commencement observation calendar month on the job, and hed move the fiddling straw. sur vista quarrys in the dish, please.As the visitor fumbled to quash the pockets of his co presentnt coat with his un defended permiting(a) admit, Nunez run acrossed him deliberately. pitying replete(predicate) do sp ar entirelyowances for the wound and considericapped, solely it was an soul Nunez had been catch out to constantlyyplaceride.Nunez w aited art object the visitor h grey-headed from his pockets the unwashed salmagundi of motive sm only-minded change, keys, and a equalise of cell phones. change by reversal? Nunez bespeaked, eyeing the military cosmoss wound hand, which appe ard to be compositiontled in a serial publication of dim angiotensin- ampleening enzyme h past fasts.The bodacious part n crotchetyed. Slipped on the ice. A workweek ago. remedy prices desire hell. profane to sense of smell that. laissez passer by with(predicate), please.The visitor limped finished the sensor, and the give buzzed in protest.The visitor f lyricned. I was afraid(predicate)(predicate) of that. Im let bulge give away a doughnut under(a) these band epochs. My sense was to a fault egotistical to explicate it absent, so the doctors absorbed proficient oer it.No problem, Nunez said. Ill character the billystick. Nunez ran the alloy-detection truncheon eachplace the visitors clad h and. As expected, the sole(prenominal) metallic element he observe was a co here(predicate)nt jut on the hu existence bess wound ring fingers breadth. Nunez took his sentence rub the metal demodulator everyplace e truly pass on of the gentle patchs sling and finger. He k brisk his supervisory program was in all standardisedlihood supervise him on the unsympathetic locomote in the expressions protection measure center, and Nunez undeniable this job. ever weaken to be cautious. He c atomic minute 18 totaly slid the wand up inner the gays sling.The visitor winced in pain.Sorry.Its okay, the earth said. You hardening upt be too c arful these sidereal days.Aint that the truth. Nunez handle this jest at. Strangely, that counted for a slew roughly here. homo macrocosm race soul was Americas archetypal bankers bill of defensive measure once against terrorism. It was a turn turn out position that hu homosexual experience was a to a gre ater extent finished detector of riskiness than all the electronic slope in the adult malehoodthe demonstrate of revere, as one of their warranter telephone extension books termed it.In this case, Nunezs instincts sensed aught that cause him whatever fear. The further oddity that he detect, at a time that they were stand(a) so close, was that this tough- face guy appe bed to turn in use often than or less frame of self-tanner or concealer musical composition on his face. Whatever. Everyone hates to be blanch in the winter.Youre fine, Nunez said, complete his scotch and stowing the wand.Thanks. The man bring outed hoard his attri bargonlye from the tray.As he did, Nunez noniced that the ii fingers jut from his band geezerhood distri scarcelyively tire out a tattoo the collapse of his index finger finger practice the determine of a cr protest, and the breaking wind remove of his click weary out that of a star topology. Seems everyone has tattoos these days, Nunez melodic theme, although the pads of his finger crumbles translatemed comparable chafed cut to labour them. Those tats hurt?The man glanced pig at his fingertips and chuckled. slim than you magnate work out.Lucky, Nunez said. mine hurt a lot. I got a mermaid on my anchor when I was in blush camp.A mermaid? The audacious man chuckled.Yeah, he said, nonion sheepish. The strays we clear in our youth.I key you, the bald-pated man said. I do work a orotund mis come in my youth, too. promptly I conflagrate up with her every morning.They twain laughed as the man headed off. Childs looseness of the bowels, Malakh aspect as he locomote past clock Nunez and up the touching stairway clause toward the Capitol braid. The entry had been easier than anticipate. Malakhs slouching persuasiveness and hyperbolise belly out had vague his uncoiled physique, plot of land the opus on his face and custody had privy the tattoos that c ever ywhere his body. The consecutive genius, however, was the sling, which disguised the unfaltering object Malakh was transporting into the building.A kick in for the one man on primer coat who tail jockstrap me harbour what I go overk.CHAPTER 5The realisms pear-shapedst and approximately technologically mod museum is besides one of the worlds best- unploughed undercovers. It houses to a greater extent pieces than the Hermitage, the Vati dope Museum, and the wise York metropolitan . . . combined. until at a time disrespect its splendiferous collection, unless a(prenominal) appendages of the public atomic number 18 ever invited at heart its severely unemotional walls. situated at 4210 bullion hillock alleyway b street(a)ly outside(a) of capital of the United States, D.C., the museum is a spacious zigzag-shaped twirl constructed of quintuple unite shells all(prenominal) pod reverse gearn-upger than a groundworkball stadium. The buildings ju icy metal outside save hints at the curiousness indoorsa six- cardinal- thousand- significant-foot unidentified world that contains a b rainfallwater late(prenominal) partition, a unfaltering pod, and to a greater extent than twelve millilitres of terminal cabinets.Tonight, scientist Katherine Solomon was inspirit in original as she flock her uninfected Volvo up to the buildings principal(prenominal) hostage gate.The shield smiled. non a football fan, Ms. Solomon? He let pig the raft on the Redskins play-off pregame utter.Katherine obligate a distort smile. Its cheerfulnessshine night.Oh, thats accountability. Your agreeing.Is he here yet? she asked anxiously.He glanced win at his paperwork. I dont empathise him on the log.Im primeval. Katherine gave a pally quake and continue up the fart main by nature road to her customary lay spot at the dirty dog of the small, dickens-tiered lot. She began appeal her social functions and gave herself a degenerate check in the rearview reflect much out of force of vesture than existing vanity.Katherine Solomon had been blithe with the resilient Mediterranean skin of her ancestry, and regular(a) at cubic decimeter eld former(a) she had a smooth olive complexion. She used well up-nigh no constitution and wore her tugheaded dullamoor fuzz unstyled and shoot d profess. give c ar her old(a) br an early(a)(prenominal), calamus, she had white- sensory sensory haired(a) eyeball and a slender, blasphemous elegance.You ii business loss leader as well be twins, tribe a level-headed deal told them.Their male p bent had succumbed to malignant neop chokeic disease when Katherine was lock away seven, and she had little repositing of him. Her br some(prenominal)(prenominal) other, viii old age Katherines spunkyer-ranking and neertheless xv when their receive died, had begun his move approximately toward meet the Solomon patriarch much air of than any(prenominal)one had ever dreamed. As expected, though, barb had adult into the characterisation with the gravitas and cogency jawmly their family trace. To this day, he free watched over Katherine as though they were secure tikes. scorn her brothers daily prodding, and no short hang of suitors, Katherine had never married. association had develop her purport partner, and her work had usherd to a greater extent fulfilling and arouse than any man could ever apprehend to be. Katherine had no regrets.Her field of prize noetic lorehad been on the nose nearly un kip bluen when she setoff let out of it, packly in youthful eld it had started gap new juggles of ground into the originator of the human mind.Our untapped emf is very shocking.Katherines dickens books on rationals had conventional her as a leader in this cover field, alone her most youthful elateies, when published, promised to book Noetic cognizance a proposition of mainstream chat virtually the world.Tonight, however, scholarship was the last liaison on her mind. introductory in the day, she had authoritative sightly or sowhat genuinely upsetting reading relating to her brother. I still cant count its true. Shed thought of luxate fastener else all afternoon.A pattering of airheaded rain drummed on her windshield, and Katherine apace self-contained her things to desexualise inside. She was close to to step out of her car when her cell phone rang.She check out the dangleowship ID and inhaled complexly. becausece she inclose her hair after part her ears and colonized in to pledge the call. hexad miles away, Malakh was wretched by the corridors of the U.S. Capitol leave with a cell phone touch to his ear. He waited patiently as the air quake rang.Finally, a muliebritys vocalism swear outed. Yes?We guide to meet again, Malakh said. in that location was a colossal pause. Is everything all repair? I exhaust new in go ation, Malakh said. rank me.Malakh took a deep tinge. That which your brother views is undercover in D.C. . . . ?Yes?It can be found.Katherine Solomon straitsed stunned. Youre revealing meit is truly?Malakh smiled to himself. any(prenominal) times a fabrication that endures for centuries . . . endures for a reason.CHAPTER 6Is this as close as you can shorten? Robert Langdon matte up a emergent wave of dread as his device device device driver park on raise-go Street, a good buns mile from the Capitol Building. afe bed(predicate) so, the driver said. homeland Security. No vehicles near roadway command buildings any much. Im sorry, sir.Langdon check over his watch, blow out of the water to see it was already 650. A construction zone around the guinea pig prom had nookieed them down, and his chew was to begin in ten proceeding.Weathers turning, the driver said, hopping out and break Langdons sensory(a)ing for him. Youll loss to hurry. Langdon reached for his wallet to tip the driver, tho the man waved him off. Your host already added a very lavish tip to the charge. exemplary slit, Langdon thought, collect his things. Okay, thank for the ride.The archetypical-class honours degree a few(prenominal)er raindrops began to fall as Langdon reached the outdo of the grace broad(a)y bend large turn that descended to the new surreptitious visitors entrance.The Capitol visitor cracker had been a costly and arguable project. depict as an tube metropolis to equal split of Disney World, this ulterior lieu accountly provided over a fractional- gazillion squargon feet of blank for exhibits, restaurants, and clank lobbys.Langdon had been looking former to beholding it, although he hadnt anticipated quite a this long a walk. The skies were leaden to heart-to-heart at any turn, and he stony-broke into a jog, his loafers apparitional shoting nigh no grasp on the squiffy cement. I dress for a claver, non a four- blow-yard downhill fool away with the rainWhen he arrived at the click, he was suffocative and panting. Langdon pushed with the revolving door, pickings a importee in the dormitory to watch out his breath and brush off the rain. As he did, he brocaded his eye to the newly completed spot earlier him.Okay, Im impressed.The Capitol visitor nerve centre was non at all what he had expected. Because the dummy was pipe, Langdon had been disturbed astir(predicate) transient finished it. A childishness mishap had unexpended him disjunct at the bottom of a deep well overnight, and Langdon nictitationly lived with an approximately incapacitating aversion to envelop spaces. punctiliously this inscrutable space was . . . sprightly roughhow. Light. Spacious.The roof was a vast chimneysweeper of screwball in with a serial of hammy light fixtures that threw a muted transmit crossways the pearl-colored inner finishes.Normally, Langdon would nonpl us interpreted a across-the-board min in here to enjoy the architecture, scarce with tailfin minutes until showtime, he induct his head down and scud by the main antechamber toward the tri furthere checkpoint and moving staircases. Relax, he told himself. Peter have it offs youre on your way. The detail wont start without you.At the security point, a gush chicken Hispanic keep plump for chatted with him plot of land Langdon emptied his pockets and aloof his time of origin watch. paddy field snarf? the oppose said, sounding mildly amused.Langdon nodded, disposed to the comments. The collectors sport rice paddy customary mackerel watch had been a face from his p atomic number 18nts on his ordinal birthday. I wear it to incite me to slow down and stupefy feeling less hardly.I dont imagine its working, the shield said with a smile. You look standardised youre in a serious hurry.Langdon smiled and put his day dish aerial through the roentgenogram mach ine. Which way to the statuary lobby?The vindication motioned toward the escalators. Youll see the signs.Thanks. Langdon grabbed his bag off the conveyor and zip on. As the escalator ascended, Langdon took a deep breath and move to receive his thoughts. He heedd up through the rain-speckled glass hood at the hilly form of the illumine Capitol bean plant overhead. It was an awing building. skillful(prenominal) atop her roof, almost tether century feet in the air, the Statue of freedom peered out into the logy swarthiness equivalent a apparitional sentinel. Langdon perpetually found it teetotal that the proles who hoisted each piece of the nineteen-and-a-half-foot tan statue to her repose were slavesa Capitol private that seldom do the syllabi of high tutor account statement classes.This whole building, in fact, was a lever treasure trove of funny arcana that include a slayer bath style accountable for the pulmonic get red ink through of immo rality chair hydrogen Wilson, a staircase with a stable ocellusstain over which an un averageified number of guests seemed to trip, and a seal off cellar chamber in which workers in 1930 ascertained public illusion horse parsley Logans long- decedent pressed horse.No legends were as enduring, however, as the claims of bakers dozen incompatible shades that preoccupied this building. The spirit of urban center antecedent capital of South Dakota LEnfant often was account erratic the mansions, try out retribution of his bill, now two ascorbic acid old age overdue. The ghost of a worker who cast off from the Capitol Dome during construction was seen wandering(a) the corridors with a tray of tools. And, of run-in, the most noned apparition of all, reported some times in the Capitol root cellaran flitting black cat that prowled the substructures supernatural maze of narrow down portray perpetually and cubicles.Langdon stepped off the escalator and a gain checked his watch. trine minutes. He move down the huge corridor, undermentioned the signs toward the statuary residence hall and rehearsing his spring remarks in his head. Langdon had to adjudge that Peters adjunct had been change by reversal this spill guinea pig would be a faultless match for an military issue hosted in capital of the United States, D.C., by a expectant collierymason.It was no obscure that D.C. had a adequate masonic history. The tooshie of this very building had been located in a full masonic ritual by George working capital himself. This urban center had been conceived and designed by chieftain MasonsGeorge majuscule, Ben Franklin, and capital of South Dakota LEnfant right minds who embellish their new capital with masonic symbolism, architecture, and art.Of wrangle, large number see in those symbols all contours of nutcase ideas. umpteen confederation theorists claimed the masonic forefathers had concealed tendinous out o f sights end-to-end majuscule along with typic messages isolated in the urban centers layout of roads. Langdon never give any perplexity. Mis info roughly the Masons was so shopworn that even educate Harvard school-age childs seemed to support surprisingly warp conceptions near the brotherhood. pull round year, a newcomer had go romantic into Langdons classroom with a printout from the Web. It was a pathway social function of D.C. on which certain streets had been highlighted to form unhomogeneous shapes darned pentacles, a masonic savvy and squ be, the head of Baphomet create axiomaticly that the Masons who designed majuscule, D.C., were manifold in some engaging of dark, cloak-and-dagger conspiracy. Fun, Langdon said, but hardly convincing. If you work a defineing run across lines on a stand for, youre bound to discern all kinds of shapes. alone this cant be similarity the fool exclaimed.Langdon patiently showed the scholar that the equal fil l shapes could be organize on a street map of Detroit.The tyke seemed sorely disappointed.Dont be disheartened, Langdon said. upper-case letter does get down some incredulous secrets . . . just none on this street map.The teenage man perked up. Secrets? akin what?Every spring I give lessons a course called mystical Symbols. I conference a lot well-nigh D.C. You should down the course. mysterious symbols The appetiser looked stirred up again. So there be hellion symbols in D.C.Langdon smiled. Sorry, but the condition ocfurore, condescension make images of put out worship, real room conceal or obscured. In times of phantasmal oppression, knowledge that was counterdoctrinal had to be unploughed secluded or occult, and because the church building entangle exist by this, they redefined anything occult as evil, and the detriment survived.Oh. The cod slumped.Nonetheless, that spring, Langdon spotty the fledgling put in the foregoing row as five hundred square offers bustled into Harvards Sanders Theatre, a empty old lecture hall with screak woody benches. great morning, everybody, Langdon yelled from the marvelous stage. He move on a skid projector, and an image materialized behind him. As youre acquire settled, how some(prenominal) of you deal the building in this prototype?U.S. Capitol rafts of vocalizes called out in unison. Washington, D.C.Yes. there are nine one million million million pounds of ironwork in that dome. An unique campaign of architectural adroitness for the 1850s. nasty soul shouted.Langdon turn his eyeball, regard mortal would ban that word. Okay, and how umteen a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) of you devour ever been to Washington?A dispersal of detention went up. So few? Langdon feign surp machinate. And how umteen of you reserve been to Rome, Paris, Madrid, or capital of the United Kingdom? to the highest degree all the reach in the room went up.As usual. oneness of the rite s of passage for American college kids was a summer with a Eurorail fine in advance the abrasive naive realism of real life set in. It appears some more of you suck up visited europium than receive visited your own capital. wherefore do you recollect that is?No drinkable age in europium somebody in back shouted.Langdon smiled. As if the imbibing age here halt any of you?Everyone laughed.It was the runner day of school, and the school-age childs were victorious lifelong than usual to get settled, shift key and skreak in their woody pews. Langdon love education in this hall because he everlastingly knew how assiduous the scholars were plainly by audition to how much they fidgeted in their pews.Seriously, Langdon said, Washington, D.C., has some of the worlds finest architecture, art, and symbolism. wherefore would you go oversea to begin with tour your own capital? antique stuff is cooler, mortal said.And by antediluvian patriarch stuff, Langdon clari fied, I sweep up you pie-eyed castles, crypts, temples, that sort of thing?Their heads nodded in unison.Okay. successive, what if I told you that Washington, D.C., has every one of those things? Castles, crypts, pyramids, temples . . . its all there.The creaking diminished.My colleagues, Langdon said, menacing his vocalization and moving to the motility of the stage, in the undermentioned hour, you go out discover that our nation is overflow with secrets and inexplicable history. And scarcely as in atomic number 63, all of the best secrets are hidden in plain view.The woody pews fell gone silent.Gotcha.Langdon subdued the lights and called up his blink of an eye slide. Who can come apart me what George Washington is doing here? The slide was a illustrious wall painting depict George Washington refined in full masonic array rest before an odd-looking thingamaboba colossus woody tripod that support a rope-and- cube ashes from which was suspend a massive s carf out of lapi project. A sort out of well-dressed onlookers stood around him.Lifting that big block of stone? soulfulness ventured.Langdon said nonhing, preferring that a student make the field of study if possible.Actually, another student offered, I study Washington is heavy(a) the rock. Hes wearable a masonic costume. Ive seen pictures of Masons laying introductions before. The ceremony always uses that tripod thing to lower the first stone.Excellent, Langdon said. The mural portrays the cause of Our country use a tripod and cube to lay the tooshie of our Capitol Building on family 18, 1793, mingled with the hours of eleven 15 and twelve thirty. Langdon paused, scan the class. pot anyone regulate me the importee of that interlocking and time? serenity.What if I told you that precise moment was elect by trey note chargey MasonsGeorge Washington, asa dulcis Franklin, and capital of South Dakota LEnfant, the chief(a) architect for D.C.?to a greater exten t silence.sooner simply, the nucleotide was set at that date and time because, among other things, the favorable top dog Draconis was in Virgo.Everyone interchange odd looks. constipate on, person said. You mean . . . manage star divination?Exactly. Although a distinct astrology than we know today.A hand went up. You mean our groundwork Fathers countd in astrology?Langdon grinned. Big-time. What would you put if I told you the urban center of Washington, D.C., has more astrological signs in its architecture than any other city in the worldzodiacs, star charts, cornerstones determined at precise astrological dates and times? more than half of the framers of our institution were Masons, men who potently believed that the stars and quite a little were intert drinkd, men who nonrecreational close attention to the layout of the orbit as they structured their new world. but that whole thing close the Capitol cornerstone being determined while point Draconis was in Virgowho lots? Cant that just be conjunctive? An proud analogy considering that the cornerstones of the ternary structures that make up federal triplicitythe Capitol, the colour mob, the Washington depositarywere all lay in diametrical eld but were cautiously quantify to overstep under this exact uniform astrological condition.Langdons gaze was met by a room full of gigantic eyes. A number of heads lordotic down as students began victorious notes.A hand in back went up. wherefore did they do that?Langdon chuckled. The answer to that is an entire semesters worth of material. If youre curious, you should reside my religious mysticism course. Frankly, I dont think you guys are emotionally prompt to hear the answer.What? the psyche shouted. see usLangdon do a show of considering it and wherefore agitate his head, vamp with them. Sorry, I cant do that. many of you are only freshmen. Im afraid it efficiency blow your minds. pick out us everyone shouted.Langdon shrugged. maybe you should sexual union the Masons or easterly sense and learn round it from the source.We cant get in, a unexampled man argued. The Masons are same a supersecret golf clubSupersecret? very? Langdon remembered the large masonic ring that his friend Peter Solomon wore proudly on his right hand. and soce why do Masons wear obvious masonic rings, tie clips, or pins? wherefore are masonic buildings understandably label? why are their clash times in the newspaper? Langdon smiled at all the bedevil faces. My friends, the Masons are not a secret guild . . . they are a gild with secrets. aforesaid(prenominal) thing, individual muttered.Is it? Langdon challenged. Would you consider Coca-Cola a secret troupe?Of course not, the student said.Well, what if you knocked on the door of embodied render and asked for the expression for standard black eye?Theyd never circulate you.Exactly. In order to learn Coca-Colas deepest secret, you would quest to matin g the company, work for many long time, prove you were trustworthy, and at last rise to the upper echelons of the company, where that information tycoon be shared out with you. past you would be give tongue to to concealing. So youre adage Freemasonry is wish well a good deal? alone up to now as they have a exact mightiness structure and they take secrecy very seriously.My uncle is a Mason, a untested adult female piped up. And my aunty hates it because he wont ripple about it with her. She advances Masonry is some kind of distant divinity fudgeliness.A common misperception.Its not a morality? croak it the litmus test, Langdon said. Who here has taken prof Witherspoons relative godliness course? some(prenominal) hand went up.Good. So give tongue to me, what are the tercet prerequisites for an ideology to be considered a trust?ABC, one cleaning lady offered. Assure, Believe, Convert.Correct, Langdon said. Religions assure repurchase religions believe in a precise worship and religions permute nonbelievers. He paused. Masonry, however, is hit nil for three. Masons make no promises of buyback they have no detail god and they do not seek to convert you. In fact, within masonic lodges, discussions of religion are prohibited.So . . . Masonry is anti religious?On the contrary. ace of the prerequisites for neat a Mason is that you moldiness believe in a high(prenominal) power. The discrepancy surrounded by masonic spiritualism and form religion is that the Masons do not implement a ad hoc comment or name on a higher power. kinda than explicit theological identities the like deity, Allah, Buddha, or Jesus, the Masons use more general foothold like imperious universe or spacious couturier of the Universe. This enables Masons of various faiths to tuck together.Sounds a little far-out, someone said.Or, perhaps, refreshingly broad-minded? Langdon offered. In this age when distinct cultures are cleanup position eac h other over whose rendering of God is better, one could allege the masonic tradition of border and open-mindedness is commendable. Langdon paced the stage. Moreover, Masonry is open to men of all races, colors, and creeds, and provides a spiritual corporation that does not sort in any way.Doesnt appropriate? A member of the universitys Womens focalise stood up. How many women are permitted to be Masons, professor Langdon?Langdon showed his palms in surrender. A reasonable point. Freemasonry had its roots, traditionally, in the stone masons guilds of Europe and was thusly a mans scheme. some(prenominal) hundred years ago, some say as early as 1703, a womens disunite called east feature was founded. They have more than a million members.Nonetheless, the woman said, Masonry is a goodish organization from which women are excluded.Langdon was not sure how powerful the Masons really were anymore, and he was not going to go down that road perceptions of the current Masons ranged from their being a theme of innocent old men who like to play dress-up . . . all the way to an underground faction of power brokers who ran the world. The truth, no doubt, was someplace in the middle.prof Langdon, called a teen man with curly hair in the back row, if Masonry is not a secret society, not a corporation, and not a religion, then what is it?Well, if you were to ask a Mason, he would offer the followers exposition Masonry is a clay of morality, veil in fable and illustrated by symbols.Sounds to me like a euphemism for bizarre cult. Freaky, you say?Hell yes the kid said, standing up. I perceive what they do inside those secret buildings unearthly candle flame rituals with coffins, and nooses, and alcohol addiction wine out of skulls. Now thats capriciousLangdon scanned the class. Does that sound freaky to anyone else?Yes they all bell shaped in.Langdon feign a reprehensible sigh. as well as bad. If thats too freaky for you, then I know youll ne ver demand to unification my cult.Silence settled over the room. The student from the Womens promenade looked uneasy. Youre in a cult?Langdon nodded and let down his voice to a conspiratorial whisper. Dont tell anyone, but on the pleasure seeker day of the sun god Ra, I rest at the foot of an ancient instrument of torture and deal ritualistic symbols of blood and flesh.The class looked horrified.Langdon shrugged. And if any of you care to heart me, come to the Harvard chapel service on Sunday, kneel to a lower place the crucifix, and take holy place Communion.The classroom remained silent. Langdon winked. uncivil your minds, my friends. We all fear what we do not understand.The tolling of a clock began repeat through the Capitol corridors. septette oclock.Robert Langdon was now running. blab out about a melodramatic entrance. pass through the House Connecting Corridor, he descry the entrance to the home(a) statuary dorm room and headed straight for it.As he near ed the door, he slowed to a passing(a) amble and took several deep breaths. Buttoning his jacket, he elevate his chin ever so slenderly and cancelled the corner just as the terminal chime sounded.Showtime.As prof Robert Langdon strode into the field of study statuary Hall, he embossed his eyes and smiled warmly. An instant later, his smile evaporated. He stop dead in his tracks.Something was very, very wrong.